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This book presents a methodological framework for the analysis of intercultural issues frequently misinterpreted by existing theories. It uses a challenge-and-response theory of cultural development to examine the relationship between different natural disasters and threats and the developments of ancient civilizations. The spatial interaction of ancient civilizations is assessed; and four non-linear patterns of intercultural dynamics are presented. Our empirical analyses of the four major ancient civilizations (the Mesopotamian, the Egyptian, the Indus, and the Chinese) focus on intercultural influences as well as how they have shaped the spatial dynamics of the world as a whole.

This book also examines various aspects of intercultural economic influences, such as those of culture on international trade. Evidence from a broad panel of nations supports the presumption that high-income trade partners will be less sensitive to the measures of cultural dissimilarity than low-income trade partners between which cultural dissimilarity leads to barriers to international trade. The treatment of linguistic and religious factors as continuous variables in this book has improved past studies in which‘language’was treated as one or more dummy variables and‘religion’was ignored.

Contents
1 Civilizations and Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 The Origin of Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 A Theory of Cultural Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Cultures and Culture Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 After Cultures Meet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Focus on Mesopotamia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Spatial Adjacency and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 Patterns of Intercultural Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Intercultural Influences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1 The Euphrates-Tigris Valley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.2 The Yellow River Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.3 The Nile Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.4.4 The Indus Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Intercultural Economic Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Doing Business Across Cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3 A Gravity Model of Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 Empirical Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
vii
Appendix A: Cultural Characteristics of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Appendix B: Cultural Similarity Matrices of Countries
Involved in the Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
viii Contents
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