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The Messianic Reduction is a groundbreaking study of Walter Benjamin's thought. Fenves places Benjamin's early writings in the context of contemporaneous philosophy, with particular attention to the work of Bergson, Cohen, Husserl, Frege, and Heidegger. By concentrating on a neglected dimension of Benjamin's friendship with Gershom Scholem, who was a student of mathematics before he became a scholar of Jewish mysticism, Fenves shows how mathematical research informs Benjamin's reflections on the problem of historical time. In order to capture the character of Benjamin's "entrance" into the phenomenological school, the book includes a thorough analysis of two early texts he wrote under the title of "The Rainbow," translated here for the first time. In its final chapters, the book works out Benjamin's deep and abiding engagement with Kantian critique, including Benjamin's discovery of the political counterpart to the categorical imperative in the idea of "pure violence."

"Each of the authors, arguments, and problems that Peter Fenves delicately yet disruptively touches upon appears in a new light. This book reveals to us more than a new Benjamin. In the compelling interpretation that constitutes its center and theoretical nucleus, The Messianic Reduction also offers us a meditation on the shape of time that every reflection on history and time, from now on, will need to confront."—Giorgio Agamben, University of Venice

"What The Messianic Reduction accomplishes is simply astonishing. It is an intricate dance among meticulous readings of the early Benjamin and readings of the philosophical context in which he wrote. Fenves offers us not simply an original window on Benjamin's early works, but also takes up issues that are critical to his entire opus. This extraordinarily ambitious volume will be a keystone to the understanding of Benjamin's work and of his place in twentieth-century philosophy."—Carol Jacobs, Yale University

Peter Fenves is Joan and Sarepta Harrison Professor of Literature, Professor of German, Comparative Literary Studies, and Jewish Studies, and Adjunct Professor of Philosophy, Political Science, and English at Northwestern University. His most recent book is Late Kant: Towards Another Law of the Earth (2003).

Acknowledgments
Note on Abbreviations and Translations
Introduction: The Course of the Argument
1. Substance Poem Versus Function Poem:
"Two Poems of Friedrich Holderlin"
2. Entering the Phenomenological School
and Discovering the Color of Shame
3. "Existence Toward Space": Two "Rainbows"
from Around 1916
4. "The Problem of Historical Time": Conversing
with Scholem, Criticizing Heidegger in 1916
5. Meaning in the Proper Sense of the Word:
"On Language as Such and on Human Language"
and Related Logico-Linguistic Studies
6. Pure Knowledge and the Continuity of Experience
"On the Program of the Coming Philosophy"
and Its Supplements
7. The Political Counterpart to Pure Practical Reason:
From Kant's Doctrine of Right to Benjamin's
Category of Justice
Conclusion: The Shape of Time
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