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In 1978, Hulse, Fowler, and Honig published Cognitive Processes in Animal Behavior, an edited volume that was a landmark in the scientific study of animal intelligence. It liberated interest in complex learning and cognition from the grasp of the rigid theoretical structures of behaviorism that had prevailed during the previous four decades, and as a result, the field of comparative cognition was born. At long last, the study of the cognitive capacities of animals other than humans emerged as a worthwhile scientific enterprise. No less rigorous than purely behavioristic investigations, studies of animal intelligence spanned such wide-ranging topics as perception, spatial learning and memory, timing and numerical competence, categorization and conceptualization, problem solving, rule learning, and creativity. During the ensuing 25 years, the field of comparative cognition has thrived and grown, and public interest in it has risen to unprecedented levels. In their quest to understand the nature and mechanisms of intelligence, researchers have studied animals from bees to chimpanzees. Sessions on comparative cognition have become common at meetings of the major societies for psychology and neuroscience, and in fact, research in comparative cognition has increased so much that a separate society, the Comparative Cognition Society, has been formed to bring it together. This volume celebrates comparative cognition's first quarter century with a state-of-the-art collection of chapters covering the broad realm of the scientific study of animal intelligence. Comparative Cognition will be an invaluable resource for students and professional researchers in all areas of psychology and neuroscience.

Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 12
Comparative Cognition: A Natural Science Approach to the Study of Animal Intelligence......Page 18
I. Perception and Illusion......Page 28
1. Grouping and Segmentation of Visual Objects by Baboons (Papio papio) and Humans (Homo sapiens)......Page 30
2. Seeing What Is Not There: Illusion, Completion, and Spatiotemporal Boundary Formation in Comparative Perspective......Page 44
3. The Cognitive Chicken: Visual and Spatial Cognition in a Nonmammalian Brain......Page 68
4. The Comparative Psychology of Absolute Pitch......Page 86
II. Attention and Search......Page 102
5. Reaction-Time Explorations of Visual Perception, Attention, and Decision in Pigeons......Page 104
6. Selective Attention, Priming, and Foraging Behavior......Page 121
7. Attention as It Is Manifest Across Species......Page 142
III. Memory Processes......Page 158
8. The Questions of Temporal and Spatial Displacement in Animal Cognition......Page 160
9. Memory Processing......Page 179
IV. Spatial Cognition......Page 202
10. Arthropod Navigation: Ants, Bees, Crabs, Spiders Finding Their Way......Page 204
11. Comparative Spatial Cognition: Processes in Landmark- and Surface-Based Place Finding......Page 225
12. Properties of Time-Place Learning......Page 244
V. Timing and Counting......Page 262
13. Behavioristic, Cognitive, Biological, and Quantitative Explanations of Timing......Page 264
14. Sensitivity to Time: Implications for the Representation of Time......Page 285
15. Time and Number: Learning, Psychophysics, Stimulus Control, and Retention......Page 300
VI. Conceptualization and Categorization......Page 320
16. Relational Discrimination Learning in Pigeons......Page 322
17. A Modified Feature Theory as an Account of Pigeon Visual Categorization......Page 340
18. Category Structure and Typicality Effects......Page 358
19. Similarity and Difference in the Conceptual Systems of Primates: The Unobservability Hypothesis......Page 378
20. Rule Learning, Memorization Strategies, Switching Attention Between Local and Global Levels of Perception, and Optimality in Avian Visual Categorization......Page 403
21. Responses and Acquired Equivalence Classes......Page 420
VII. Pattern Learning......Page 438
22. Spatial Patterns: Behavioral Control and Cognitive Representation......Page 440
23. The Structure of Sequential Behavior......Page 454
24. Truly Random Operant Responding: Results and Reasons......Page 474
25. The Simultaneous Chain: A New Look at Serially Organized Behavior......Page 496
VIII. Tool Fabrication and Use......Page 528
26. Cognitive Adaptations for Tool-Related Behavior in New Caledonian Crows......Page 530
27. What Is Challenging About Tool Use? The Capuchin’s Perspective......Page 544
IX. Problem Solving and Behavioral Flexibility......Page 568
28. Intelligences and Brains: An Evolutionary Bird’s Eye View......Page 570
29. How Do Dolphins Solve Problems?......Page 595
30. The Comparative Cognition of Caching......Page 617
31. The Neural Basis of Cognitive Flexibility in Birds......Page 634
X. Social Cognition Processes......Page 652
32. Chimpanzee Social Cognition in Early Life: Comparative–Developmental Perspective......Page 654
33. Stimuli Signaling Rewards That Follow a Less-Preferred Event Are Themselves Preferred: Implications for Cognitive Dissonance......Page 666
Postscript: An Essay on the Study of Cognition in Animals......Page 683
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