This is a book about the defining assumptions and assumed definition of the welfare state. It is a work that pulls apart social categories like 'disability' or 'need' and shows how they function politically and where they come from historically. For many years, the welfare state was expanding. In those times, advocates for many new groups of people were able to win through the political process the extension of benefits to their constituents. Definitions of need, worth, and eligibility were changed so that more people became 'entitled' to payments.The opposite trend is in effect now. Most advanced industrial states have experienced some form of fiscal crisis, and their governments are taking a hard look at how they define who is eligible for support. One major category is disability. But who is 'disabled', and who decides that? Though doctors certify disability for the state, Stone argues that 'the concept of disability is fundamentally the result of political conflict about distributive criteria and the appropriate recipients of social aid'. The concept also has a social history and a social context today.Despite the very real stigma of the world 'disabled' in other settings, being 'disabled' for welfare purposes means being morally worthy. Like the 'deserving poor' of English Poor Law, the 'disabled' would work if they could. Isn't disability something that can be measured scientifically and apolitically determined? That argument breaks down in the face of a simple example: blindness. Many blind people can work, yet because of the obviousness of the condition and sympathy it arouses, the 'blind' have always been considered eligible for benefits without question.The concern with 'welfare cheats' is not a new one. The author reaches back several centuries to trace the fascinating history of this and other aspects of welfare policy in Germany, England, and the United States. What she finds are elaborate tests to weed out fraudulent applicants (beggars with faked afflictions) and changing criteria to distinguish the able from the 'disabled'. Author note: Deborah A. Stone is Associate Professor of Political Science a the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is author of "The Limits of Professional Power: National Health Care in the Federal Republic of Germany".
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这本书给我的感觉,如同在迷雾中行走,每走一步都充满了不确定性,但正是这种不确定性,营造了一种独特的阅读张力。作者的叙事视角时常在广阔的社会图景和极其私密的内心独白之间快速切换,这种快速的镜头拉伸和推近,让读者始终保持一种警觉和好奇心。我注意到,书中对“沉默”的处理非常到位,很多时候,人物未曾说出口的话语,其力量远胜于那些激烈的争辩。通过对环境、肢体语言和场景氛围的精妙刻画,作者成功地将这种“言之未尽”的情绪传递给了读者。从文学技巧上讲,这本书的文本密度非常高,几乎没有一句是多余的,但读起来却并不觉得晦涩,因为作者用一种近乎本能的节奏感牵引着你向前。它成功地捕捉了现代人在面对结构性困境时的那种无声的挣扎与韧性。看完后,我感觉自己好像经历了一场漫长的、却又必须经历的精神洗礼,它让你对世界的理解变得更加微妙和多维。
评分老实说,我读这本书读得有点“累”,但这绝不是负面评价,而是指它对读者的精神投入要求极高。这部作品的阅读体验是沉浸式的,你必须完全敞开心扉去接纳作者投射出的那个充满张力的世界观。它的伟大之处在于,它不提供简单的答案或安慰,而是将复杂性本身作为一种美学呈现。书中的对话设计堪称一绝,很多关键信息的传递都隐藏在看似漫不经心的闲聊或争吵之中,需要读者具备极强的解读能力去挖掘其背后的潜台词和意识形态冲突。我尤其佩服作者在保持故事节奏的同时,还能穿插进大量的哲学思考片段,这些片段自然地融入情节,而非生硬的议论。这使得作品的厚度远超一般的小说范畴,更接近于一种思想实验的文学载体。对于那些追求智力挑战和深度精神交流的读者来说,这本书无疑是一份厚礼。它要求你思考,并让你在思考的过程中逐渐构建起属于你自己的理解框架。
评分坦白说,我是在一个周末的下午偶然翻开这本书的,原本只是想随便打发时间,没想到却一头扎进了作者构建的那个令人不安却又无比迷人的世界。这本书的语言风格极其冷峻,几乎没有冗余的形容词,每一个词汇都像经过精密计算的子弹,直指靶心。它不像某些文学作品那样追求华丽的辞藻,而是用一种近乎新闻报道式的简洁和客观,来叙述那些极端的情感体验和伦理困境。这种风格上的克制,反而产生了巨大的情感冲击力。我印象最深的是其中对于“疏离感”的描绘,人与人之间的交流似乎总隔着一层看不见的薄膜,信息传递失真,情感难以抵达彼岸。这让我想起当代社会中普遍存在的“群体性孤独”,这本书仿佛提供了一份详尽的病理报告。情节的推进并非线性的,而是充满了跳跃和闪回,这种非线性叙事成功地模仿了人类记忆的碎片化特征,使得阅读过程本身也成为一种探索和重构的体验。虽然阅读过程中时常感到压抑,但其思想的深度和对人性幽暗面的挖掘,绝对是顶级的。
评分当我以一个长期关注社会学议题的读者的角度来看待这部作品时,我感到了一种久违的共鸣与震撼。它避开了宏大叙事,转而聚焦于微观层面的个体如何被系统性地边缘化和规训。作者似乎对社会运行的底层逻辑有着近乎病态的洞察力,他笔下的人物并非是传统意义上的受害者或施暴者,而是被特定环境模型所塑造成的必然产物。尤其是在探讨“标签化”对个人身份认同的侵蚀这一点上,书中展现了令人不安的精准度。阅读时,我常常需要停下来,深吸一口气,因为某些段落描写的场景,与我日常生活中观察到的现象惊人地相似,只是被作者用一种更极端、更清晰的方式呈现了出来。这本书的结构非常巧妙,它不像传统小说那样有着明确的起承转合,反而更像是一部交响乐,不同的主题和角色在不同的乐章中交织、碰撞,最后汇集成一股强大的、令人深思的洪流。我强烈推荐给所有对当代社会运作机制感到困惑,或者正在试图寻找自身在复杂世界中定位的人。
评分这部作品给我的震撼是多层次的,它不仅仅是一部小说,更像是一面映照我们自身困境的棱镜。作者以一种近乎残酷的冷静,描绘了一个个看似寻常却又暗流涌动的社会侧面。我尤其欣赏他对细节的把握,那种微小的、几乎被我们习以为常的日常摩擦,在文字中被放大、解构,展现出其背后隐藏的权力结构和人性的复杂性。书中的人物塑造极其立体,他们没有绝对的善恶,每一个选择都带着沉重的历史包袱和现实压力。比如那个在体制边缘挣扎的小人物,他的每一次妥协与反抗,都让人感到既揪心又真实。读完合上书本的那一刻,我并没有获得那种“问题解决”的快感,而是被一种深沉的无力感所笼罩,但这种无力感并非消极的,它促使我开始重新审视自己所处的环境,思考那些我们选择性忽略的“灰色地带”。叙事节奏的处理也颇为高明,时而如涓涓细流,细腻描摹人物的内心波动;时而又如山洪爆发,将突如其来的变故和冲突推至高潮,张弛有度,牢牢抓住了读者的注意力。整体而言,这是一部值得反复咀嚼,并能在不同人生阶段读出不同滋味的深刻之作。
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