"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence." - W. K. Clifford - this forthright assertion of mathematician and educator W. K. Clifford (1845-1879) in his famous essay "The Ethics of Belief" drew an immediate response from Victorian-era critics, who took issue with his reasoned and brilliantly presented attack on beliefs "not founded on fair inquiry". An advocate of evolutionary theory, Clifford recognised that working hypotheses and assumptions are necessary for belief formation and that testing and assessing one's beliefs in light of new evidence strengthens those worthy of being held. "The Ethics of Belief" is presented here in complete form, along with an insightful biographical introduction by editor Timothy J. Madigan. Also included are four other noteworthy essays by Clifford: "On the Aims and Instruments of Scientific Thought", "Right and Wrong", "The Ethics of Religion", and "The Influence upon Morality of a Decline in Religious Belief".
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在The Duty of Inquiry中，關於信仰正確性的想法很有趣，強調瞭理性反思的必要性。他的文章正直，理性，且單薄，充斥著帶有理想主義色彩的理性至上觀點，卻缺乏對社會更根本的認識：為瞭維持社會的運作，多數人的適當愚蠢是必要的。
评分在The Duty of Inquiry中，關於信仰正確性的想法很有趣，強調瞭理性反思的必要性。他的文章正直，理性，且單薄，充斥著帶有理想主義色彩的理性至上觀點，卻缺乏對社會更根本的認識：為瞭維持社會的運作，多數人的適當愚蠢是必要的。
评分在The Duty of Inquiry中，關於信仰正確性的想法很有趣，強調瞭理性反思的必要性。他的文章正直，理性，且單薄，充斥著帶有理想主義色彩的理性至上觀點，卻缺乏對社會更根本的認識：為瞭維持社會的運作，多數人的適當愚蠢是必要的。
评分在The Duty of Inquiry中，關於信仰正確性的想法很有趣，強調瞭理性反思的必要性。他的文章正直，理性，且單薄，充斥著帶有理想主義色彩的理性至上觀點，卻缺乏對社會更根本的認識：為瞭維持社會的運作，多數人的適當愚蠢是必要的。
评分在The Duty of Inquiry中，關於信仰正確性的想法很有趣，強調瞭理性反思的必要性。他的文章正直，理性，且單薄，充斥著帶有理想主義色彩的理性至上觀點，卻缺乏對社會更根本的認識：為瞭維持社會的運作，多數人的適當愚蠢是必要的。
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