Despite the perennial hope of life beyond the grave, Flew shows that there are insuperable difficulties in elucidating post-mortem survival on a rational basis. He analyses the three ways that philosophers of the past have attempted to get around these difficulties: the 'reconstitutionist way' (miraculous reassembly of our deceased bodies at some future time, such as the Last Judgement); the 'way of the astral body' (a sort of duplicate, undetectable 'body', which detaches itself from the material body after death); and, the 'Platonic-Cartesian way' (an incorporeal mind or soul containing a person's identity which lives on after death). The main problem, says Flew, is the impossibility of logically demonstrating how a person surviving death in any imagined altered state could identify him- or herself as the same person who had previously lived a flesh-and-blood life on the Earth. Flew reviews both the classic arguments of Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, and Descartes, as well as the modern findings of parapsychology, elucidating this complex issue with logical rigor and engaging wit.