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This final report of the Stanford Lisp Performance Study, conducted over a three year period by the author, describes implementation techniques, performance tradeoffs, benchmarking techniques, and performance results for all of the major Lisp dialects in use today. A popular highlevel programming language used predominantly in artificial intelligence, Lisp was the first language to concentrate on working with symbols instead of numbers. Lisp was introduced by John McCarthy in the early 1960s (McCarthy's LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual published in 1962 is available in paperback from The MIT Press) and its continuous development has enabled it to remain dominant in artificial intelligence.

Performance and Evaluation of Lisp Systems is the first book to present descriptions on the Lisp implementation techniques actually in use and can serve as a handbook to the implementation details of all of the various current Lisp expressions. It provides detailed performance information using the tools of benchmarking (the process of utilizing standardized computer programs to test the processing power of different computer systems) to measure the various Lisp systems, and provides an understanding of the technical tradeoffs made during the implementation of a Lisp system.

The study is divided into three major parts. The first provides the theoretical background, outlining the factors that go into evaluating the performance of a Lisp system. The second part presents the Lisp implementations: MacLisp, MIT CADR, LMI Lambda, S-I Lisp, Franz Lisp, MIL, Spice Lisp, Vax Common Lisp, Portable Standard Lisp, and Xerox D-Machine. A final part describes the benchmark suite that was used during the major portion of the study and the results themselves.

Richard P. Gabriel is President and Chief Technical Officer, Lucid, Inc., and Consulting Associate Professor, Stanford University. Performance and Evaluation of Lisp Systems is included in the Computer Systems series, Research Reports and Notes, edited by Herb Schwetman.

Richard P. Gabriel is President and Chief Technical Officer, Lucid, Inc., and Consulting Associate Professor, Stanford University.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Levels of Lisp System Architecture 2
1.2 Lisp Operation Level 18
1.3 Major Lisp Facilities 20
1.4 The Art of Benchmarking 23
Chapter 2 The Implementations 31
2.1 MacLisp 31
2.2 MIT CADR 34
2.3 Symbolics 36
2.4 LMI Lambda 42
2.5 S-1 Lisp 46
2.6 Franz Lisp 51
2.7 NIL 54
2.8 Spice Lisp 58
2.9 Vax Common Lisp 63
2.10 Portable Standard Lisp 66
2.11 Xerox D-Machine 73
Chapter 3 The Benchmarks 81
3.1 Tak 81
3.2 Stak 93
3.3 Ctak 99
3.4 Takl 105
3.5 Takr 110
3.6 Boyer 116
3.7 Browse 136
3.8 Destructive 146
3.9 Traverse 153
3.10 Derivative 170
3.11 Data-Driven Derivative 175
3.12 Another Data-Driven Derivative 181
3.13 Division by 2 186
3.14 FFT 193
3.15 Puzzle 203
3.16 Triangle 217
3.17 File Print 227
3.18 File Read 232
3.19 Terminal Print 236
3.20 Polynomial Manipulation 240
3.21 Conclusions 275
References 277
Index 281
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