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Well-grounded on abundant Japanese language sources which have been underused, this book uncovers the League of Nations’ works in East Asia in the inter-war period. By researching the field of social and other technical issues, namely, the trade in narcotics, the trafficking of women and the work in terms of improving health provision and providing economic advice to Nationalist China, it not only examines their long-term impacts on the international relations in the region but also argues that the League’s works challenged the existing imperial order of East and Southeast Asia. The book offers a key read for academics and students of international history and international relations, and others studying Japan or East Asia in the twentieth century.

Harumi Goto-Shibata is Professor of International History at the Department of Advanced Social and International Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan. Her prior publications include Japan and Britain in Shanghai, 1925-31 (Macmillan, St Antony’s series, 1995) as well as three single-authored books, and two co-edited books in Japanese.

1 Introduction 1
Part I The League of Nations as Forums and Actors
2 Social and Humanitarian Issues of the Leagueof Nations 17
The Emergence of Social and Humanitarian Issuesin the Covenant of the League 17
Japan’s Participation in the League of Nations 24
The League’s Arrival in East Asia 33
3 Challenging the Imperial Order: Control of Opium 43
Setting the Scene—Until the First World War 44
Establishing the OAC47The OAC at Work on East Asian Questions 51
The Participation of the United States 54
The Geneva Opium Conference 56
Change in the Opium Policies in the British Empireand the Commission of Enquiry 61
Lack of Reforms in the Japanese Empire 64
The Bangkok Conference and Further Reforms 66
The Impact of the OAC and Its Limits 69
4 Expanding the Range: Japan’s Reactionto the Technical Co-operation with China 79
The Developmental Phase 80
Co-operation in Flood Relief 89
The Manchurian Crisis 93
How to Finance the Co-operation 96
Technical Co-operation Politicized 102
5 The TWC as Another Forum and Women 111
The TWC and the Commission of Enquiry 112
Russian Women Refugees in China and the Remaining Imperial Order 114
Difficulties in Solving the Problem 116
The Lack of Financial Resources 120
The TWC as Another Forum 122
Part II Contested Power and Authority
6 Japan’s Withdrawal and China’s Request for a Seaton the Council 129
Trying to Continue Partial Co-operation 130
China’s Failure to Be Re-elected to the Council139Enter the Soviet Union 141
China’s Aspiration to Be a Permanent Member 142
Japan’s Formal Departure 145
A New Non-permanent Seat for an Asian State 147
7 Who Controls the Co-operation?: TechnicalCo-operation after the Outbreak of the Sino-JapaneseWar157The TCC in 1936 158
Technical Co-operation after the Outbreakof the Sino-Japanese War162Continuing for the Second Year167Who Controls the Co-operation? 170
Aid to China 175
The League or the Local Authorities 179
The Question of Empires: Co-operationin the Yunnan–Burma Borderland in 1939 187
The South-Western Part of China 188
Robertson’s Epidemiological Survey on the Burma Road 189
Co-operation or Intervention 194
The End of the Technical Co-operation 197
9 The Limits of the League’s Control of Opium 205
To the United States 206
The Declaration of the British and the Dutch Governmentsin November 1943 207
Examining the Application of the New Policy 212
Prepared ‘Policy as Regards Opium in Burma’ and ItsLimits 215
The League of Nations and the Question of Opium Eating 218
10 East Asia in the Architecture of the Post-War World: From the League to the UN Economic and Social Council 223
The Bruce Report 224
Rajchman’s Plan for the United Nations Health Organization 227
Establishing the ECOSOC 229
Establishing the CND 233
The Prospect of the CND and Burma’s New Policy 237
The Experience of the League of Nations 242
11 Conclusion 249
Achievements and Continuities 249
Discontinuities and a New Departure 252
Bibliography 257
Index283
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