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In this important intervention, change-agent Marianne E. Krasny challenges the knowledge-attitudes-behavior pathway that underpins much of environmental education practice; i.e., the assumption that environmental knowledge and attitudes lead to environmental behaviors. Krasny shows that certain types of knowledge are more likely than others to influence behaviors, and that generally it is more effective to work with existing attitudes than to try to change them. The chapters expand the purview of potential outcomes of environmental education beyond knowledge and attitudes to include nature connectedness, sense of place, efficacy, identity, norms, social capital, youth assets, and individual wellbeing.

Advancing Environmental Education Practice also shows how, by constructing theories of change for their environmental education programs, environmental educators can target specific intermediate outcomes likely to lead to environmental behaviors and collective action, and plan activities to achieve those intermediate outcomes. In some cases, directly engaging program participants in the desired behavior or collective action can lead to changes in efficacy, sense of place, and other intermediate outcomes, which in turn foster future environmental actions. Finally, Advancing Environmental Education Practice shares twenty-four surveys that assess changes in environmental behaviors and intermediate outcomes, and provides guidelines for qualitative evaluations.

Thanks to generous funding from the Cornell Department of Natural Resources, the ebook editions of this book are available as Open Access volumes from Cornell Open (cornellopen.org) and other Open Access repositories.

Marianne E. Krasny is professor of Natural Resources and Director of the Civic Ecology Lab at Cornell University. Her recent publications include Civic Ecology, Urban Environmental Education Review, Communicating Climate Change, and Grassroots to Global.

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
Par t I GETTING STARTED
1. Theory of Change 15
2. Evaluation 27
Part II ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR/ACTION OUTCOMES
3. Environment, Sustainability, and Climate Change 45
4. Environmental Behaviors 54
5. Collective Environmental Action 69
Part III INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES
6. Knowledge and Thinking 85
7. Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes 101
8. Nature Connectedness 117
9. Sense of Place 127
10. Efficacy 139
11. Identity 149
12. Norms 160
13. Social Capital 173
14. Positive Youth Development 182
15. Health and Well-Being 192
Conclusion. Resilience: Adaptation and Transformation 202
Appendix 215
References 255
Permissions for Survey Instruments in the Appendix 286
Index 287
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