With its emphasis on showing how each unit cost is arrived at， Walker s Building Estimator s Reference Book is the reference of choice for construction professionals seeking to customize estimates unique to their project. For this， it remains one of the leading texts in the curricula of U.S. construction schools， as well as required reference in states that issue contractors licenses based on competency exams. Walker s 27th Edition is expanded and revised， providing the authoritative cost information on which builders have depended for over 87 years. Among features of the 27th Edition are new sections on Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF)， Shotcrete applications and electrical busway Walker s 27th Edition also includes revised charts for concrete reinforcing steel Completely updated directory of building construction-related associations and organization with their website URLs New and expanded section for data on plywood roof decking and sheathing to cover specific roof types-hip， gable， etc. Plus， much more: The 27th Edition contains hundreds of specific revisions and changes to key data and information in the book. Many of these changes were made on the recommendation of building industry professionals who are the book s users. The 27th Edition covers these key topics: Construction Techniques and methods; Material Quantities Required; Types of Material; Manhours/Productivity Rates; Current Labor Costs; Application Rates. Plus， Walker s contains Metric equivalents for all quantities， so you can be in compliance with federal contracts. Considered the "bible" of estimating for the past 85 years， Walker s is a how to estimate book， not simply a unit price book. In other words it demonstrates how to work up a price so you can make adjustments as needed. Walker s costing comes from years of experience in construction and is monitored by people who make their livelihood in estimating， specifically Jerrold Ratner， CPE， CCA and William Spradlin， Jr.， CPE. Walker s is tailored to all - beginners who want to understand estimating， the experienced estimator who needs some back-up on crew sizes and production as well as all in between， that is: Tradesmen， Contractors， Homeowners， Educators， Engineers， Architects， Construction Managers， Insurance Adjusters， Bonding Companies， and Lawyers. Updated continuously since 1915， this hands-on manual s chapters are organized by CSI Division， covering updated construction methods， material and labor costs， labor productivity (man-hours)， construction finance， scheduling， construction management， bidding， negotiating contracts， value engineering， types of cost estimates， overhead， insurance， profit， change orders， and more. In fact， it has been said that the book is like an entire construction library in one volume. This level of substance and expertise that makes Walker s Building Estimator s Reference Book a standard in the curriculum of dozens of universities construction programs and a oft-quoted source in court disputes. Each chapter discusses in detail cost estimating methods in the areas of masonry， concrete， metals， carpentry， site work， thermal and moisture protection， windows and doors， finishes， mechanical， electrical， road and highway construction， and more. Used in hundreds of universities construction estimating classes， including Texas A & M， Nebraska， Purdue， Florida and Washington State. Mandated reference for the State of Florida General License Examination， in addition to 16 states which license contractors on the basis of competency exams.