While it is possible for economies to grow based on abundant land or natural resources, more often structural change-the shift of resources from low-productivity to high-productivity sectors-is the key driver of economic growth. Structural transformation is vital for Africa. The region's much-lauded growth turnaround since 1995 has been the result of making fewer economic policy mistakes, robust commodity prices, and new discoveries of natural resources. At the same time, Africa's economic structure has changed very little. Primary commodities and natural resources still account for the bulk of the region's exports.

Industry is most often the leading driver of structural transformation. Africa's experience with industrialization over the past thirty years has been disappointing. In 2010, sub-Saharan Africa's average share of manufacturing value added in GDP was ten per cent, unchanged from the 1970s. Actually, the share of medium- and high-tech goods in manufacturing production has been falling since the mid-1990s. Per capita manufactured exports are less than ten per cent of the developing country average. Consequently, Africa's industrial transformation has yet to take place.

This book presents results of comparative country-based research that sought to answer a seemingly simple but puzzling question: why is there so little industry in Africa? It brings together detailed country case studies of industrial policies and industrialization outcomes in eleven countries, conducted by teams of national researchers in partnership with international experts on industrial development. It provides the reader with the most comprehensive description and analysis available to date of the contemporary industrialization experience in low-income Africa.

Carol Newman is Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin and a non-resident Senior Research Fellow at UNU-WIDER. Her research is the microeconomics of development with a focus on both household and enterprise behaviour. She has published widely in the fields of development economics and agricultural economics, in particular in the area of enterprise dynamics and performance in developing countries.

John Page is a Senior Fellow in the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution and a Non-resident Senior Fellow of the World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER). He is also visiting professor at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan and a Research Associate of the Centre for the Study of African Economies at Oxford University. From 1980 to 2008 he was at the World Bank where his senior positions included: Director, Poverty Reduction, Director, Economic Policy, and Chief Economist, Africa. He is the author of several books and more than 100 published papers on economic development.

John Rand is a professor of development economics at the University of Copenhagen. His research focus includes industrial policy and firm dynamics, quantitative impact evaluation of development projects, and macroeconomics of international capital flows. He has significant research experience through project involvement in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique Nicaragua, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, and Vietnam. He is co-editor of the European Journal of Development Research, member of the Steering Committee of the Joint MFS II Evaluations Programme in Holland, and since 2015, Deputy Director of the Development Economics Research Group (DERG), Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen.

Abebe Shimeles received his postgraduate degrees in economics from Gothenburg University and the Delhi School of economics and a BA from Addis Ababa University. He is Acting Director, Development Research Department at the African Development Bank. He is also Research Fellow at IZA, and Adjunct Associate Professor at University of Cape Town. He has worked for the World Bank, UNECA, ActionAid, and Addis Ababa University in different capacities. His current research focuses on labour markets, impact evaluation of tax policies, community-based health insurance, and on inequality, market distortions and domestic violence.

Mans Soderbom is Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics at the University of Gothenburg. He is also a Research Associate at the Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), Department of Economics, University of Oxford, a Fellow of the European Development Research Network, and a non-resident Senior Research Fellow at UNU-WIDER. His research has been published by leading international journals and he has also contributed to several books on economic development. Industrial development is his main area of interest, but he has also worked on civil conflict, labour markets, and schooling.

Finn Tarp has some 37 years of experience in academic and applied development economics research and teaching. His field experience covers more than 20 years of in-country work in 35 countries across Africa and the developing world more generally.

Professor Tarp is a leading international expert on issues of development strategy and foreign aid, with an interest in poverty, income distribution and growth, micro- and macroeconomic policy and modeling, agricultural sector policy and planning, household and enterprise development, and economic adjustment and reform. He has published almost 90 articles in international academic journals alongside various books. He is a member of the World Bank Chief Economist's 15 member 'Council of Eminent Persons'.