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Body, Society, and Nation tells the story of China’s unfolding modernity by exploring the changing ideas, practices, and systems related to health and body in late nineteenth- and twentieth-century Shanghai. The pursuit of good health loomed large in Chinese political, social, and economic life. Yet, “good health” had a range of associations beyond individual well-being. It was also an integral part of Chinese nation-building, a goal of charitable activities, a notable outcome of Western medical science, a marker of modern civilization, and a commercial catchphrase. With the advent of Western powers, Chinese notions about personal hygiene and the body gradually expanded. This transformation was complicated by indigenous medical ideas, preexisting institutions and social groups, and local cultures and customs.

This study explores the many ways that members of the various strata of Shanghai society experienced and understood multiple meanings of health and body within their everyday lives. Chieko Nakajima traces the institutions they established, the regulations they implemented, and the practices they brought to the city as part of efforts to promote health. In doing so, she explains how local practices and customs fashioned and constrained public health and, in turn, how hygienic modernity helped shape and develop local cultures and influenced people’s behavior.

Chieko Nakajima is an independent scholar who has taught at the University of Michigan, DePaul University, and Assumption College.

List of Tables and Figures
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Western Medicine and Science in China
Body, Society, and State in Republican China
Colonialism in Shanghai
An Overview
1. Caring for the Sick, Helping the Poor: The Development of Hospitals in Shanghai
Christianity and Medical Care: Missionary Hospitals
Seasonal Diseases and Elite Activism: Summer-Disease Hospitals
Chinese Medicine and Western System: Traditional Chinese Hospitals
Conclusion
2. Protecting Life, Controlling the City: The Origins and Development of the Shanghai Municipal Public Health Bureau
The Public Health Administration of the Nanjing Government
Public Health Administration in Prewar Shanghai
Shanghai Public Health Bureau during the War
Conclusion
3. Teaching about Health, Mobilizing the Masses: Hygiene Campaigns in Shanghai
From Community Service to State-Sponsored Event
Campaign Strategies
Conclusion
4. Selling Hygiene, Supporting Nation: Health, Hygiene, and Commercial Culture
Development of Light Industries and Interest in Chemistry
Ideals of Clean Bodies, Public Health, and a Strong Nation
Personal Hygiene Items in Commercial Advertisements
The Sociocultural Significance of Commodities
Doing Business in Shanghai: Fang Yexian and Chen Diexian
Conclusion
Conclusion
Health and Hygiene in post-1949 China
Reorganizing Medical-Care Facilities
Organizing Hygiene Campaigns
Science, Policing, and Mass Mobilization Programs
Appendix 1: Shanghai and Its Foreign Concessions
Appendix 2: The Lecture Outline for the 1942 Summer Campaign
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
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