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In this work, Jan N. Bremmer aims to bring together the worlds of early Christianity and those of ancient history and classical literature – worlds that still all too rarely interlock. Contextualising the life and literature of the early Christians in their Greco-Roman environment, he focusses on four areas. A first section looks at more general aspects of early Christianity: the name of the Christians, their religious and social capital, prophecy and the place of widows and upper-class women in the Christian movement. Second, the chronology and place of composition of the early apocryphal Acts of the Apostles and Pseudo-Clementines are newly determined by paying close attention to their doctrinal contents, but also, innovatively, to their onomastics and social vocabulary. The author also analyses the frequent use of magic in the Acts and explains the prominence of women by comparing the Acts to the Greek novel. Third, an investigation into the theme of the tours of hell suggests a new chronological order, shows that the Christian tours were indebted to both Greek and Jewish models, and illustrates that in the course of time the genre dropped a large part of its Jewish heritage. The fourth and final section concentrates on the most famous and intriguing report of an ancient martyrdom: the Passion of Perpetua. It pays special attention to the motivation and visions of Perpetua, which are analyzed not by taking recourse to modern theories such as psychoanalysis, but by looking to the world in which Perpetua lived, both Christian and pagan. It is only by seeing the early Christians in their ancient world that we might begin to understand them and their emerging communities.

Jan N. Bremmer Born 1944; 1979 PhD; 1978–90 Associate Professor for ancient history at the University of Utrecht; 1990–2009 Chair of Religious Studies at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies of the University of Groningen; currently Fellow at the Käte Hamburger Kolleg Dynamiken der Religionsgeschichte zwischen Asien und Europa, Bochum.

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII
Section I Aspects of Early Christianity
1. Why Did Jesus’ Followers Call Themselves ‘Christians’? . . . . . . . 3
2. The Social and Religious Capital of the Early Christians . . . . . . . 13
3. Why Did Early Christianity Attract Upper-class Women? . . . . . . 33
4. Pauper or Patroness: the Widow in the Early Christian Church . . . 43
5. Peregrinus’ Christian Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6. The Domestication of Early Christian Prophecy . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Section II Studies in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles and Pseudo-Clementines
7. Women in the Acts of John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8. Man, Magic, and Martyrdom in the Acts of Andrew . . . . . . . . . . 115
9. Aspects of the Acts of Peter: Women, Magic, Place and Date . . . . . 133
10. Magic, Martyrdom and Women’s Liberation in the Acts of Paul and Thecla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
11. The Acts of Thomas: Place, Date and Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
12. Conversion in the Oldest Apocryphal Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
13. Magic in the Apocryphal Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Section III Apocalypses and Tours of Hell
17. The Apocalypse of Peter: Greek or Jewish? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
18. The Apocalypse of Peter: Place, Date and Punishments . . . . . . . . 281
19. Christian Hell: From the Apocalypse of Peter to the Apocalypse of Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
20. Tours of Hell: Greek, Jewish, Roman and Early Christian . . . . . . 313
21. Descents to Hell and Ascents to Heaven in Apocalyptic Literature . 329
Section IV The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
22. Perpetua and her Diary: Authenticity, Family and Visions . . . . . . 349
23. Felicitas: The Martyrdom of a Young African Woman . . . . . . . . 387
24. The Motivation of Martyrs: Perpetua and the Palestinians . . . . . . 403
25. Passio Perpetuae 2, 16 and 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
26. The Vision of Saturus in the Passio Perpetuae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
27. Contextualising Heaven in Third-Century North Africa . . . . . . . 455
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Index of Names, Places and Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
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