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Forced convict labor provided the Portuguese with solutions to the growing criminal population at home and the lack of infrastructure in Angola and Mozambique. In Convict Labor in the Portuguese Empire, Timothy J. Coates examines the role of large numbers of convicts in Portuguese Africa from 1800 until 1932. This work examines the numbers, rationale, and realities of convict labor (largely) in Angola during this period, but Mozambique is a secondary area, as well as late colonial times in Brazil.

This is a unique, first study of an experiment in convict labor in Africa directed by a European power; it will be welcomed by scholars of Africa and New Imperialism, as well as those interested in law and labor.

Timothy J. Coates, Ph. D. (1993) University of Minnesota, is Professor of History at the College of Charleston. He has published two monographs, numerous articles and chapters in collections. Most recently, he contributed to The Cambridge World History of Slavery.

List of Maps, Illustrations, Charts, and Tables
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and Glossary of Foreign Terms
Major Personalities
Introduction
1. Objectives
2. Secondary Literature
3. Related Aspects
4. Exile as Punishment
5. A Problem of Sources
6. Archival Materials
7. Fundamentals
1. The Global Portuguese Penal System to circa 1830
1.1 Introduction and Conclusion
1.2 The Portuguese Use of Exile as Punishment
1.3 Jails
1.4 The Azores and Madeira
1.5 Public Works
2. Setting the Stage for Africa
2.1 Introduction and Conclusion
2.2 Brazil in Late Colonial Times
2.3 Penal Reform in Portugal
2.4 The Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa
2.5 Islands in a Portuguese Sea
3. Colonial Realities in an Empire without Brazil
3.1 Introduction and Conclusion
3.2 Nineteenth Century Angola
3.3 Earlier Efforts: Penal Colonies
3.4 A Few Words about the Prison in Mozambique
3.5 The Depósito Geral de Degredados in Luanda
3.6 Organization and Administration
3.7 Discipline and Punishment
3.8 A Question of Numbers: Angola and Mozambique
4. Crimes, Punishments, Ages, and Origins of Convicts
4.1 Introduction and Conclusion
4.2 Ages and Origins of Prisoners
4.3 Crimes and Punishments
4.4 Petty Recidivists (addidos)
4.5 Political Prisoners (deportados)
4.6 Vagrants (vadios)
4.7 Military Deportees
4.8 Health
4.9 Diet
4.10 Uniforms
5. Work and Freedom
5.1 Introduction and Conclusion
5.2 Rehabilitation through Work
5.3 What Did They Do in the Colony?
5.4 Salaries and Deductions
5.5 Exiting the Depósito
5.6 The End of the Luanda Prison
6. Comparisons and Conclusions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The British
6.3 The French
6.4 The Spanish
6.5 Secondary Punishment
6.6 Major Differences
6.7 Were the Depósitos Successes or Failures?
6.8 The End of Degredo as Punishment
6.9 A Question of Overall Numbers
6.10 Lingering Questions and Concluding Remarks
Appendices
Appendix 1: 1755 List of People from the Jail … leaving for Portuguese Asia
Appendix 2: 1783 List of Those Cleared from Madeira to Angola
Appendix 3: Degredo and Exile Locations (other than Brazil), 1742-1872
Appendix 4: Income and Expenses by Colony, 1852-1886
Appendix 5: The 1905 Regulations Governing the Prison in Mozambique
Appendix 6: Inmates from the Mozambique and Angolan Prisons Requesting Pardons in 1911-1912, and 1914.
Appendix 7: Vagrants Sentenced by the High Court of Porto to Be Transported to Cape Verde, 1907.
Bibliography
Index
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