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在今天的大眾媒體和圖書市場上，到處充斥著關於潛能提升、心理操控、色彩星座、催眠讀心等僞裝成心理學的主題，更有一些僞心理學傢、所謂的心理治療師打著心理學的旗號欺世盜名，從中漁利。在浩如煙海、良莠不齊的心理學信息麵前，如何撥除迷霧，去僞存真，成為一個明智的心理學信息的消費者？這本書將教給你科學實用的批判性思維技能，將真正的心理學研究從僞心理學中區分齣來，告訴你什麼纔是真正的心理學。

《這纔是心理學》第1版齣版於1983年，20多年來一直被奉為心理學入門經典，在全球頂尖大學中享有盛譽，現在呈現在讀者麵前的是英文第9版。這本書並不同於一般的心理學導論類教材，很多內容是心理學課堂上不曾講授的，也是許多心理學教師在教學中感到隻可意會而不可言傳的。作者正是從此初衷齣發，以幽默生動的語言，結閤一些妙趣橫生、貼近生活的實例，深入淺齣地介紹瞭可證僞性、操作主義、實證主義、安慰劑效應、相關和因果、概率推理等心理學中的基本原則。與上一版相比，第9版更新瞭最新的研究資料和實例以及190篇參考文獻。

本書不僅適閤於心理學專業的學生，有助於建立心理學研究中必要的批判性思維技能與意識，而其通俗易讀性也非常適閤所有對心理學感興趣的讀者，它將幫助你糾正對心理學的種種誤解，學會獨立地評估心理學信息，用科學的精神和方法理解自己和他人的行為。此外，由於心理學與其他學科的共通性，本書也不失為一本精彩有趣的科學哲學類讀物。

基思•斯坦諾維奇（Keith E. Stanovich），目前擔任加拿大多倫多大學人類發展與應用心理學的國傢首席教授，他的研究領域是推理和閱讀的心理學機製。他於2010年獲得格威爾美爾教育奬（Grawemeyer Award in Education）。他至今已發錶瞭200多篇科學論文。在一項對於論文引用率的調查中，斯坦諾維奇位列引用率最高的50位發展心理學傢之一，也是25位最高産的教育心理學傢之一。他所撰寫的《這纔是心理學》（How to Think Straight about Psychology）一書被全球300多所心理學高等教育機構采用。

1 Psychology Is Alive and Well (and Doing Fine Among the Sciences) 1
The Freud Problem 1
The Diversity of Modern Psychology 2
Implications of Diversity 3
Unity in Science 6
What, Then, Is Science? 8
Systematic Empiricism 9
Publicly Verifiable Knowledge: Replication and Peer Review 10
Empirically Solvable Problems: Scientists’ Search for Testable Theories 12
Psychology and Folk Wisdom: The Problem with “Common Sense” 13
Psychology as a Young Science 16
Summary 18
2 Falsifiability: How to Foil Little Green Men in the Head 19
Theories and the Falsifiability Criterion 20
The Theory of Knocking Rhythms 22
Freud and Falsifiability 23
The Little Green Men 25
Not All Confirmations Are Equal 26
Falsifiability and Folk Wisdom 27
The Freedom to Admit a Mistake 28
Thoughts Are Cheap 30
Errors in Science: Getting Closer to the Truth 31
Summary 34
3 Operationism and Essentialism: “But, Doctor,What Does It Really Mean?” 35
Why Scientists Are Not Essentialists 35
Essentialists Like to Argue About the Meaning of Words 36
Operationists Link Concepts to Observable Events 37
Reliability and Validity 38
Direct and Indirect Operational Definitions 40
Scientific Concepts Evolve 40
Operational Definitions in Psychology 42
Operationism as a Humanizing Force 45
Essentialist Questions and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 47
Operationism and the Phrasing of Psychological
Questions 48
Summary 51
4 Testimonials and Case Study Evidence:Placebo Effects and the Amazing Randi 53
The Place of the Case Study 54
Why Testimonials Are Worthless: Placebo Effects 56
The “Vividness” Problem 59
The Overwhelming Impact of the Single Case 63
The Amazing Randi: Fighting Fire with Fire 65
Testimonials Open the Door to Pseudoscience 67
Summary 71
5 Correlation and Causation: Birth Control by the Toaster Method 73
The Third-Variable Problem: Goldberger and Pellagra 74
Why Goldberger’s Evidence Was Better 75
The Directionality Problem 78
Selection Bias 80
Summary 83
6 Getting Things Under Control: The Case of Clever Hans 85
Snow and Cholera 86
Comparison, Control, and Manipulation 87
Random Assignment in Conjunction with Manipulation Defines the True Experiment 88
The Importance of Control Groups 91
The Case of Clever Hans, the Wonder Horse 94
Clever Hans in the 1990s 96
Prying Variables Apart: Special Conditions 99
Intuitive Physics 101
Intuitive Psychology 103
Summary 104
7 “But It’s Not Real Life!”: The “Artificiality”
Criticism and Psychology 105
Why Natural Isn’t Always Necessary 105
The “Random Sample” Confusion 107
The Random Assignment Versus Random Sample Distinction 107
Theory-Driven Research Versus Direct Applications 108
Applications of Psychological Theory 113
The “College Sophomore” Problem 115
The Real-Life and College Sophomore
Problems in Perspective 119
Summary 120
8 Avoiding the Einstein Syndrome: The Importance of Converging Evidence 121
The Connectivity Principle 122
A Consumer’s Rule: Beware of Violations of Connectivity 123
The “Great-Leap” Model Versus the Gradual-Synthesis Model 125
Converging Evidence: Progress Despite Flaws 126
Converging Evidence in Psychology 129
Scientific Consensus 133
Methods and the Convergence Principle 135
The Progression to More Powerful Methods 136
A Counsel Against Despair 139
Summary 142
9 The Misguided Search for the “Magic Bullet”:The Issue of Multiple Causation 145
The Concept of Interaction 146
The Temptation of the Single-Cause Explanation 149
Summary 152
10 The Achilles’ Heel of Human Cognition:Probabilistic Reasoning 153
“Person-Who” Statistics 155
Probabilistic Reasoning and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 156
Psychological Research on Probabilistic Reasoning 158
Insufficient Use of Probabilistic Information 159
Failure to Use Sample Size Information 161
The Gambler’s Fallacy 162
A Further Word About Statistics and Probability 164
Summary 166
11 The Role of Chance in Psychology 167
The Tendency to Try to Explain Chance Events 167
Explaining Chance: Illusory Correlation and the Illusion of Control 170
Chance and Psychology 172
Coincidence 173
Personal Coincidences 176
Accepting Error in Order to Reduce Error: Clinical versus Actuarial Prediction 177
Summary 184
12 The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences 185
Psychology’s Image Problem 185
Psychology and Parapsychology 186
The Self-Help Literature 188
Recipe Knowledge 190
Psychology and Other Disciplines 192
Our Own Worst Enemies 194
Isn’t Everyone a Psychologist? Implicit Theories of Behavior 200
The Source of Resistance to Scientific Psychology 201
The Final Word 206
References 207
Name Index 231
Subject Index 238
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