Preface
Letter to Students
I. READING, THINKING, AND WRITING CRITICALLY ABOUT LITERATURE
1. Reading and Responding to Literature
2. Writing About Literature: From Idea to Essay.
II. FICTION
3. Approaching Fiction: Responding in Writing.
4. Stories and Meanings: Plot, Character, Theme.
5. Narrative Point of View.
6. Allegory and Symbol.
7. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Fiction.
8. Three Fiction Writers in Depth: Flannery O'Connor, Raymond Carver, and Alice Munro
9. Law and Disorder. Narratives from Biblical Times to the Present
10. American Voices: Fiction for a Diverse Nation
11. A Collection of Short Fiction
12. The Novel.
III. POETRY.
13. Approaching Poetry: Responding in Writing
14. Narrative Poetry
15. Lyric Poetry
16. The Speaking Tone of Voice.
17. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, and Apostrophe.
18. Imagery and Symbolism.
19. Irony
20. Rhythm and Versification.
21. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Poetry
22. Poets at Work.
23. The Span of Life: 34 Poems, from the Cradle to the Grave.
24. American Voices: Poems for a Diverse Nation
25. Variations on Themes: Poems and Paintings.
26. Three Poets in Depth: Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes.
27. Poetry and Translation
28. A Collection of Poems.
IV. DRAMA
29. Some Elements of Drama
30. Tragedy
31. Comedy
32. Two Plays about Marriage
33. In Brief: Writing Arguments About Drama.
34. American Visions: Plays for a Diverse Nation
V. CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES.
35. Critical Approaches: The Nature of Criticism.
Appendix A: Remarks About Manuscript Form
Appendix B: Writing a Research Paper.
Appendix C: New Approaches to the Research Paper: Literature, History, and the World Wide Web.
Appendix D: Literary Research: Print and Electronic Resources
Appendix E: Writing Essay Examinations
Appendix F: Glossary of Literary Terms.
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