具體描述
Innovation and technological change, long recognized as the main drivers of long-term economic growth, are elusive notions that are difficult to conceptualize and even harder to measure in a consistent, systematic way. This book demonstrates the usefulness of patents and citations data as a window on the process of technological change and as a powerful tool for research on the economics of innovation. Patent records contain a wealth of information, including the inventors' identity, location, and employer, as well as the technological field of the invention. Patents also contain citation references to previous patents, which allow one to trace links across inventions. The book lays out the conceptual foundations for such research and provides a range of interesting applications, such as examining the geographic pattern of knowledge spillovers and evaluating the impact of university and government patenting. It also describes statistical tools designed to handle methodological problems raised by the patent and citation processes. The book includes a CD with complete data on 3 million patents with more than 16 million citations and a range of author-devised measures of the importance, generality, and originality of patented innovations.
著者簡介
圖書目錄
Foreword
Acknowledgments
The Data Disk
1 Introduction
Hide LevelI: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations2 A Penny for Your Quotes: Patent Citations and the Value of Innovations
3 University versus Corporate Patents: A Window on the Basicness of Invention
4 How High Are the Giants’ Shoulders: An Empirical Assessment of Knowledge Spillovers and Creative Destruction in a Model of Economic Growth
Hide LevelII: The Geography of Knowledge Spillovers5 Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations
6 Flows of Knowledge from Universities and Federal Laboratories: Modeling the Flow of Patent Citations over Time and across Institutional and Geographic...
7 International Knowledge Flows: Evidence from Patent Citations
Hide LevelIII: Policy-Motivated Evaluation of Institutions and Countries8 Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting, 1965–1988
9 Evidence from Patents and Patent Citations on the Impact of NASA and Other Federal Labs on Commercial Innovation
10 Reinventing Public R&D: Patent Policy and the Commercialization of National Laboratory Technologies
11 Innovation in Israel 1968–1997: A Comparative Analysis Using Patent Data
Hide LevelIV: The Patents and Citations Data: A Close-up12 The Meaning of Patent Citations: Report on the NBER/Case-Western Reserve Survey of Patentees
13 The NBER Patent-Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights, and Methodological Tools
Sources
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