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The interaction between the Eurasian pastoral nomads - most famously the Mongols and Turks - and the surrounding sedentary societies is a major theme in world history. Nomads were not only raiders and conquerors, but also transmitted commodities, ideas, technologies and other cultural items. At the same time, their sedentary neighbours affected the nomads, in such aspects as religion, technology, and political culture. The essays in this volume use a broad comparative approach that highlights the multifarious nature of nomadic society and its changing relations with the sedentary world in the vicinity of China, Russia and the Middle East, from antiquity into the contemporary world

Reuven Amitai, Ph.D. (1990) in Middle Eastern Studies, Hebrew University, is Associate Professor of Middle Eastern History at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at the Hebrew University. He has published extensively on the history of the late medieval Muslim world, particularly on the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Ilkhanate.

Michal Biran, Ph.D. (2000) in Middle Eastern Studies, Hebrew University, is a Lecturer at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at the Hebrew University. She has published on Inner Asian history in the Mongol and pre-Mongol period including Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia (Curzon, 1997).

List of Maps xi
Preface xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
Notes on Dates and Transliterations xvii
List of Contributors xix
Introduction 1
Part I - Early Contacts 13
Early Pastoral Societies of Northeast China: Local Change and Interregional Interaction During C. 1100–600 Bce 15
Glossary of Chinese Characters 50
Bibliography 51
Beasts or Humans: Pre-Imperial Origins of the “sino-Barbarian” Dichotomy 59
Glossary of Chinese Characters 93
Bibliography 98
Early Eurasian Nomads and the Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (Eighth–seventh Centuries Bce) 103
Bibliography 122
Part II - The Pre-Mongol Period 127
What Nomads Want: Raids, Invasions and the Liao Conquest of 947 129
Glossary 166
Bibliography 170
True to Their Ways: Why the Qara Khitai Did Not Convert to Islam 175
Glossary of Chinese Characters 194
Bibliography 195
The Turks of the Eurasian Steppes in Medieval Arabic Writing 201
Bibliography 235
Part III - The Mongol Empire and Its Successors 243
The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered 245
Bibliography 279
The “great Yasa of Chinggis Khan” Revisited 291
Bibliography 308
A Reappraisal of GÜyÜg Khan 309
Glossary of Chinese Characters 334
Bibliography 335
War and Peace Between the Yuan Dynasty and the Chaghadaid Khanate (1312–1323) 339
Glossary of Chinese Characters 355
Bibliography 357
The Resolution of the Mongol-Mamluk War 359
Bibliography 386
Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea Frontier in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Convergences and Conflicts 391
Bibliography 420
Nomad and Settled in the Timurid Military 425
Bibliography 455
Part IV - Into the Modern Period 459
The Mongols and China: Cultural Contacts and the Changing Nature of Pastoral Nomadism (Twelfth to Early Twentieth Centuries) 461
Glossary of Chinese Characters 477
Bibliography 479
Russia and the Eurasian Steppe Nomads: An Overview 483
Bibliography 500
Contemporary Pastoralism in Central Asia 503
Bibliography 532
Index 535
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