The Gunpowder Age pdf epub mobi txt 電子書下載 2024

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Tonio Andrade

Princeton University Press

2016-1-12

448

USD 39.95

Hardcover

9780691135977

圖書標籤: 軍事曆史中國歐洲軍事史清史海外中國研究近世史

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发表于2024-12-23

The Gunpowder Age epub 下載 mobi 下載 pdf 下載 txt 電子書下載 2024

The Gunpowder Age pdf epub mobi txt 電子書下載 2024

圖書描述

The Chinese invented gunpowder and began exploring its military uses as early as the 900s, four centuries before the technology passed to the West. But by the early 1800s, China had fallen so far behind the West in gunpowder warfare that it was easily defeated by Britain in the Opium War of 1839–42. What happened? In The Gunpowder Age, Tonio Andrade offers a compelling new answer, opening a fresh perspective on a key question of world history: why did the countries of western Europe surge to global importance starting in the 1500s while China slipped behind?

Historians have long argued that gunpowder weapons helped Europeans establish global hegemony. Yet the inhabitants of what is today China not only invented guns and bombs but also, as Andrade shows, continued to innovate in gunpowder technology through the early 1700s—much longer than previously thought. Why, then, did China become so vulnerable? Andrade argues that one significant reason is that it was out of practice fighting wars, having enjoyed nearly a century of relative peace, since 1760. Indeed, he demonstrates that China—like Europe—was a powerful military innovator, particularly during times of great warfare, such as the violent century starting after the Opium War, when the Chinese once again quickly modernized their forces. Today, China is simply returning to its old position as one of the world’s great military powers.

By showing that China’s military dynamism was deeper, longer lasting, and more quickly recovered than previously understood, The Gunpowder Age challenges long-standing explanations of the so-called Great Divergence between the West and Asia.

The Gunpowder Age 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書

著者簡介

Tonio Andrade is professor of history at Emory University and the author of Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory over the West (Princeton) and How Taiwan Became Chinese.

圖書目錄

The Gunpowder Age pdf epub mobi txt 電子書下載

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用戶評價

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或許初始期望太高，讀完發現提齣問題和試探多於解釋，更適閤做教科書。軍事大分流的說法很有趣，相對平行的軍事技術和作戰模式比較，尤其是幾次歐洲與亞洲勢力交鋒也頗有趣，分流在18世紀中葉（所謂盛清和平期）也恰與彭慕蘭說法對證。不過兩個主要論點——無多國/多政體體係則無戰爭、無戰爭則無威脅、無威脅則無進步（一係列戰爭與國傢形成文獻），盛清一統安靖導緻軍事革新需求消失；科學/技術與科技群體的獨立發展對軍事革新的促進作用（李約瑟等？）——似已經被反復論述過，並無什麼齣色之處。歐洲船隻更先進更抗風浪、歐洲中世紀堡壘城牆較薄但允許火藥武器開火還擊，確乎為重要優勢，且也在無形中促進火藥武器發展和軍隊遠徵與後勤編組進步，然歐陸多國戰爭恰使其非鐵闆一塊，前者僅為少數海權國擁有、後者則並未在遠徵中體現。

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很受military revolution史觀影響。論點直接，認為中國曆史上戰爭頻繁的時期促進火藥武器發展，反之則阻礙。對比歐洲火藥武器發展史，考察發展路綫不同（歐洲的火炮和菱堡）以及中西交流和接觸衝突。認為盛清和平（乾隆後期到19世紀初）所緻的軍事落後造成鴉片戰爭落敗。

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