費恩曼物理學講義 (第3捲)(英文版) pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載2025

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A great triumph of twentieth-century physics, the theory of quantum mechanics, is now nearly 40 years old, yet we have generally been giving our students their introductory course in physics (for many students, their last) with hardly more than a casual allusion to this central part of our knowledge of the physical world. We should do better by them. These lectures are an attempt to present them with the basic and essential ideas of the quantum mechanics in a way that would, hopefully, be comprehensible. The approach you will find here is novel, particularly at the level of a sophomore course, and was considered very much an experiment. After seeing how easily some of the students take to it, however, I believe that the experiment was a success. There is, of course, room for improvement, and it will come with more experience in the classroom. What you will find here is a record of that first experiment. .

In the two-year sequence of the Feynman Lectures on Physics which were given from September 1961 through May 1963 for the introductory physics course at Caltech, the concepts of quantum physics were brought in whenever they were necessary for an understanding of the phenomena being described. In addition, the last twelve lectures of the second year were given over to a more coherent introduction to some of the concepts of quantum mechanics. It became clear as the lectures drew to a close, however, that not enough time had been left for the quantum mechanics. As the material was prepared, it was continually discovered that other important and interesting topics could be treated with the elementary tools that had been developed. There was also a fear that the too brief treatment of the Schrodinger wave function which had been included in the twelfth lecture would not provide a sufficient bridge to the more conventional treatments of many books the students might hope to read. It was therefore decided to extend the series with seven additional lectures; they were given to the sophomore class in May of 1964. These lectures rounded out and extended somewhat the material developed in the earlier lectures.

費恩曼（R．P．Feynman）1918年生於布魯剋林區，1942年在普林斯頓獲得博士學位。第二次世界大戰期間在洛斯阿拉莫斯，盡管當時他還很年輕，但已在曼哈頓計劃中發揮瞭重要作用。以後，他在康奈爾大學和加利福尼亞理工學院任教。1965年，因他在量子電動力學方麵的工作和朝永振一郎及施溫格（J．Schwinger）同獲諾貝爾物理學奬。

費因曼博士獲得諾貝爾奬是由於成功地解決瞭量子電動力學理論問題，他也創立瞭說是液氦中起流動性現象的數學理論。此後，他和蓋爾曼（M.Gell-Mann）在B衰變等弱相互作用領域內做齣瞭奠基性的工作。在以後的幾年裏，他在誇剋理論的發展中起瞭關鍵性的作用，提齣瞭他的高能質子碰撞過程的部分子模型。

除瞭這些成就之外，費恩曼博士將新的基本計算技術及記號法引時物理學，首先是無處不在的費恩曼圖，在近代科學曆史中，它比任何其他數學形式描述都更大地改變瞭對基本物理過程形成概念及進行計算的方法。

費恩曼是一位卓越的教育傢。在他區得的許多奬項中，他對1972年獲得的奧斯特教學奬章特彆感到自豪。在1963年第一次齣版的《費恩曼物理學講義》被《科學叛國人》雜誌的一位評論員描寫為“咬不動但富於營養並且津津有味。25年後它仍是教師和最好的初學學生的指導書”。為瞭使外行的公眾增加對物理學的瞭解，費恩曼博士寫瞭《物理定律和量子電動力學的性質：光和物質的奇特理論》。他還是許多高級齣版物的作者，這些都成為研究人員和學生的經典參考書和教科書。

費恩曼是一個活躍的公眾人物。他在挑戰者號調查委員會裏的工作是從所周知的，特彆是他的著名的O型環對寒冷的敏感性的演示，這是一個優美的實驗，除瞭一杯冰水以外其他什麼也不需要。費恩曼博士1960年在加利福尼亞州課程促進會中的工作卻很少人知道，他在會上抨擊瞭教材的平庸。

僅僅羅列費恩曼的科學和教育成就並沒有恰當抓信這個人的本質。即使是他 最最技術性的齣版物的讀者都知識道，費恩曼活躍的多麵的人格在他所有的工作中都閃閃發光。除瞭作為物理學傢，在各種不同的場閤下他變成不同的人物：有進是無綫電修理工，有時是鎖具收藏傢，藝術傢、舞蹈傢、邦戈（bongo）鼓手，甚至瑪雅象形文字的解釋者。對他的世界人們永遠好奇，他是一個典型的經驗主義者。

費恩曼於1998年2月15日在洛杉磯逝世。

chapter 1. quantum behavior .
1-1 atomic mechanics 1-1
1-2 an experiment with bullets 1-1
1-3 an experiment with waves 1-3
1-4 an experiment with electrons 1-4
1-5 the interference of electron waves 1-5
1-6 watching the electrons 1-6
1-7 first principles of quantum mechanics 1-9
1-8 the uncertainty principle 1-11
chapter 2. the relation of wave and particle viewpoints
2-1 probability wave amplitudes 2-1
2-2 measurement of position and momentum 2-2
2-3 crystal diffraction 2-4
2-4 the size of an atom 2-5
2-5 energy levels 2-7
2-6 philosophical implications 2-8
chapter 3. probability amplitudes
3-1 the laws of combining amplitudes 3-1
3-2 the two-slit interference pattern 3-5
3-3 scattering from a crystal 3-7
.3-4 identical particles 3-9
chapter 4. identical particles
4-1 bose particles and fermi particles 4-1
4-2 states with two bose particles 4-3
4-3 states with n bose particles 4-6
4-4 emission and absorption of photons 4-7
4-5 the blackbody spectrum 4-8
4-6 liquid helium 4-12
4-7 the exclusion principle 4-12
chapter 5. spin one
5-1 filtering atoms with a stern-gerlach apparatus 5-1
5-2 experiments with filtered atoms 5-5
5-3 stern-gerlach filters in series 5-6
5-4 base states 5-8
5-5 interfering amplitudes 5-10
5-6 the machinery of quantum mechanics 5-12
5-7 transforming to a different base 5-15
5-8 other situations 5-16
chapter 6. spin one-htlf
6-1 transforming amplitudes 6-1
6-2 transforming to a rotated coordinate system 6-3
6-3 rotations about the z-axis 6-6
6-4 rotations of 180~ and 90~ about y 6-9
6-5 rotations about x 6-11
6-6 arbitrary rotations 6-12
chapter 7. the dependence of amplitudes on time
7-1 atoms at rest; stationary states 7-1
7-2 uniform motion 7-3
7-3 potential energy; energy conservation 7-6
7-4 forces; the classical limit 7-9
7-5 the "precession" of a spin one-half particle 7-10
chapter 8. the hnmiltonian matrix
8-1 amplitudes and vectors 8-1
8-2 resolving state vectors 8-3
8-3 what are the base states of the world ? 8-5
8-4 how states change with time 8-7
8-5 the hamiltonian matrix 8-10
8-6 the ammonia molecule 8-11
chapter 9. the ammonia maser
9-1 the states of an ammonia molecule 9-1
9-2 the molecule in a static electric field 9-5
9-3 transitions in a time-dependent field 9-9
9-4 transitions at resonance 9-11
9-5 transitions off resonance 9-13
9-6 the absorption of light 9-14
chapter 10. other two-state systems ..
10-1 the hydrogen molecular ion 10-1
10-2 nuclear forces 10-6
10-3 the hydrogen molecule 10-8
10-4 the benzene molecule 10-10
10-5 dyes 10-12
10-6 the hamiltonian of a spin one-half particle in a magnetic field 10-12
10-7 the spinning electron in a magnetic field 10-15
chapter 11. mope two-state systems
11-1 the pauli spin matrices 11-1
11-2 the spin matrices as operators 11-5
11-3 the solution of the two-state equations 11-8
11-4 the polarization states of the photon 11-9
11-5 the neutral k-meson 11-12
11-6 generalization to n-state systems 11-20
chapter 12. the hyperfine splrrring in hydrogen
12-1 base states for a system with two spin one-half particles 12-1
12-2 the hamiltonian for the ground state of hydrogen 12-3
12-3 the energy levels 12-7
12-4 the zeeman splitting 12-9
12-5 the states in a magnetic field 12-12
12-6 the projection matrix for spin one 12-14
chapter 13. propagation in a crystal lattice
13-1 states for an electron in a one-dimensional lattice 13-1
13-2 states of definite energy 13-3
13-3 time-dependent states 13-6
13-4 an electron in a three-dimensional lattice 13-7
13-5 other states in a lattice 13-8
13-6 scattering by imperfections in the lattice 13-10
13-7 trapping by a lattice imperfection 13-12
13-8 scattering amplitudes and bound states 13-13
chapter 14. semiconductors
14-1 electrons and holes in semiconductors 14-1
14-2 impure semiconductors 14--4
14-3 the hall effect 14-7
14-4 semiconductor junctions 14-8
14-5 rectification at a semiconductor junction 14-10
14-6 the transistor 14-11
chapter 15. the independent particle approximation
15-1 spin waves 15-1
15-2 two spin waves 15-4
15-3 independent particles 15-6
15-4 the benzene molecule 15-7
15-5 more organic chemistry 15-10
15-6 other uses of the approximation 15-12
chapter 16. the dependence of amplitudes
on position
16-1 amplitudes on a line 16-1
16-2 the wave function 16-5
16-3 states of definite momentum 16-7
16-4 normalization of the states in x 16-9
16-5 the schrodinger equation 16-11
16-6 quantized energy levels 16-14
chapter 17. symmetry and conservation laws
17-1 symmetry 17-1
17-2 symmetry and conservation 17-3
17-3 the conservation laws 17-7
17-4 polarized light 17-9
17-5 the distintegration of the λ 17-11
17-6 summary of the rotation matrices 17-15
chapter 18. angular momentum
18-1 electric dipole radiation 18-1
18-2 light scattering 18-3
18-3 the annihilation of positronium 18-5
18-4 rotation matrix for any spin 18-9
18-5 measuring a nuclear spin 18-13
18-6 composition of angular momentum 18-14
added note 1: derivation of the rotation matrix 18-19
added note 2: conservation of parity in photon
emission 18-22
chapter 19. the hydrogen atom and the
periodic table
19-1 schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen atom 19-1
19-2 spherically symmetric solutions 19-2
19-3 states with an angular dependence 19-6
19-4 the general solution for hydrogen 19-10
19-5 the hydrogen wave functions 19-12
19-6 the periodic table 19-13
chapter 20. operators
20-1 operations and operators 20-1
20-2 average energies 20-3
20-3 the average energy of an atom 20-6
20-4 the position operator 20-8
20-5 the momentum operator 20-9
20-6 angular momentum 20-14
20-7 the change of averages with time 20-15
chapter 21. the schrtdinger equation in a classical
context: a seminar on superconductivity
21-1 schrodinger's equation in a magnetic field 21-1
21-2 the equation of continuity for probabilities 21-3
21-3 two kinds of momentum 21-4
21-4 the meaning of the wave function 21-6
21-5 superconductivity 21-7
21-6 the meissner effect 21-8
21-7 flux quantization 21-10
21-8 the dynamics of superconductivity 21-12
21-9 the josephson junction 21-14
feynman's epilogue
appendix
index
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