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An examination of the relation between war and politics, by one of the twentieth century’s most influential thinkers

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From 1971 until 1984 at the Collège de France, Michel Foucault gave a series of lectures ranging freely and conversationally over the range of his research. In Society Must Be Defended, Foucault deals with the emergence in the early seventeenth century of a new understanding of war as the permanent basis of all institutions of power, a hidden presence within society that could be deciphered by an historical analysis. Tracing this development, Foucault outlines the genealogy of power and knowledge that had become his dominant concern.

Michel Foucault, acknowledged as the preeminent philosopher of France in the ’70s and ’80s, had enormous impact throughout the world in many disciplines.

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David Macey has translated twenty books from the French and is the author of The Lives of Michel Foucault and Frantz Fanon (Picador). He lives in Leeds, England.

Foreword
Introduction
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1 7 January 1976
What is a lecture?
Subjugated knowledges
Historical knowledge of struggles, genealogies, and scientific discourse
Power, or what is at stake in genealogies
Juridical and economic conceptions of power
Power as repression and power as war
Clausewitz's aphorism inverted
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2 14 January 1976
War and power
Philosophy and the limits of power
Law and royal power
Law, domination, and subjugation
Analytics of power: questions of method
Theory of sovereignty
Disciplinary power
Rule and norm
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3 21 January 1976
Theory of sovereignty and operators of domination
War as analyzer of power relations
The binary structure of society
Historico-political discourse, the discourse of perpetual war
The dialectic and its codifications
The discourse of race struggle and its transcriptions
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4 28 January 1976
Historical discourse and its supporters
The counterhistory of race struggle
Roman history and biblical history
Revolutionary discourse
Birth and transformations of racism
Race purity and State racism: the Nazi transformation and the Soviet transformation
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5 4 February 1976
Answer to a question on anti-Semitism
Hobbes on war and sovereignty
The discourse on the Conquest in England: royalists, parliamentarians, and Levellers
The binary schema and political historicism
What Hobbes wanted to eliminate
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6 11 February 1976
Stories about origins
The Trojan myth
France's heredity
"Franco-Gallia."
Invasion, history, and public right
National dualism
The knowledge of the prince
Boulainvilliers's "Etat de la France."
The clerk, the intendant, and the knowledge of the aristocracy
A new subject of history
History and constitution
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7 18 February 1976
Nation and nations
The Roman conquest
Grandeur and decadence of the Romans
Boulainvilliers on the freedom of the Germans
The Soissons vase
Origins of feudalism
Church, right, and the language of State
Boulainvilliers: three generalizations about war: law of history and law of nature, the institutions of war, the calculation of forces
Remarks on war
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8 25 February 1976
Boulainvilliers and the constitution of a historico-political continuum
Historicism
Tragedy and public right
The central administration of history
The problematic of the Enlightenment and the genealogy of knowledges
The four operations of disciplinary knowledge and their effects
Philosophy and science
Disciplining knowledges
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9 3 March 1976
Tactical generalization of historical knowledge
Constitution, Revolution, and cyclical history
The savage and the barbarian
Three ways of filtering barbarism: tactics of historical discourse
Questions of method: the epistemological field and the antihistoricism of the bourgeoisie
Reactivation of historical discourse during the Revolution
Feudalism and the gothic novel
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10 10 March 1976
The political reworking of the idea of the nation during the Revolution: Sieyes
Theoretical implications and effects on historical discourse
The new history's grids of intelligibility: domination and totalization
Montlosier and Augustin Thierry
Birth of the dialectic
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11 17 March 1976
From the power of sovereignty to power over life
Make live and let die
From man as body to man as species: the birth of biopower
Biopower's fields of application
Population
Of death, and of the death of Franco in particular
Articulations of discipline and regulation: workers' housing, sexuality, and the norm
Biopower and racism
Racism: functions and domains
Nazism
Socialism
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Course Summary 265
Situating the Lectures: Alessandro Fontana and Mauro Bertani 273
Index
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