具体描述
深入理解现代汉语的结构与演变：一本全面解析当代语言现象的著作 本书旨在为对现代汉语的深层结构、演变脉络及其在当代社会中的实际运用抱有浓厚兴趣的研究者、教育工作者以及高阶学习者提供一本详尽、深入且富有洞察力的参考指南。本书摒弃了传统语法书的僵硬范式，转而采用一种基于语料库、强调功能与语用视角的现代语言学方法，系统梳理了当代普通话（以北京语音为基础的规范化口语和书面语）的全部核心要素。 全书共分为六大部分，近三十个章节，结构严谨而逻辑清晰。 --- 第一部分：现代汉语的语言单位与层级结构（奠定基础） 本部分首先对现代汉语的语言层级结构进行界定，明确了从音位到语篇的分析框架。 第一章：语音系统的新审视 本章侧重于当代汉语语音在快速变化中的新特征。我们不仅回顾了经典的元音、辅音、声调系统，更深入探讨了语流中的超切段特征，如重音、停顿、语调的辨义功能，并对比了不同地域在语音变异上的最新趋势，例如特定方言对普通话的渗透现象。对“轻声”和“儿化”在现代语篇中的实际使用频率和功能进行了量化分析。 第二章：词汇的构成与演变 本章聚焦于词汇的内部结构。详细分析了复合词的构词规律，特别是新产生的双音节甚至多音节词的组合逻辑。同时，引入了词汇借用与新词生成的机制，剖析了近二十年信息技术、社会思潮对汉语词汇库的冲击与重塑。对“纯粹的”、“新潮的”等热词的词性归属和语义浮动进行了细致的词典学层面的探讨。 第三章：语素与词：意义的最小承载者 本章深入探究语素的形态学特征。区别了屈折语素、粘着语素和自由语素在汉语中的不同表现形式。重点解析了“半黏着语素”（如“阿-”、“老-”、“-子”）在不同语境中的显现机制和语义稳定性，以及它们在口语和文学创作中的灵活运用，避免了将其简单归类的局限性。 --- 第二部分：核心句法：结构与功能分析（语法核心） 本部分是全书的核心，以功能语法和依存关系为指导，构建了现代汉语的句法模型。 第四章：句子成分的重新界定 传统的主谓宾结构分析的局限性在本章中被突破。我们提出了“施事-受事-谓论域”的分析框架，用于更好地解释非施事类句子的结构，如“被”、“让”字句的深层语义角色。详细讨论了“状语”在现代汉语中向“前置定语”和“后置补语”的边界模糊化现象。 第五章：动词的体、态与趋向系统 本章对汉语动词的“体”（Aspect）进行了极其细致的梳理，区分了完成体标记（了）、持续体标记（着）和经验体标记（过）的细微差别及其与时间副词的搭配限制。特别辟出专章解析了双音节趋向动词（如“上来”、“下去”）在空间、抽象意义、结果意义上的系统性扩展，并提供了大量的语料佐证其功能转换。 第六章：名词性成分与指称系统 本章关注名词短语的内部结构，尤其是“的”字的复杂功能。不仅分析了修饰关系，更详细讨论了“的”在表示并列、转折、假设等复杂句法连接中的潜在作用。对量词系统进行了深入的分类研究，包括特有量词、临时量词和集合量词的生成规则。 第七章：从句与复合句的逻辑连接 本章超越了传统的并列、主从句划分，重点分析了意合关系在现代汉语复合句中的统治地位。详述了如何利用连词（如“虽然...但是”、“不仅...而且”）实现逻辑连接，以及如何通过语序和上下文来暗示复杂的因果、转折关系，这些往往是AI翻译系统难以精确把握的语言精微之处。 --- 第三部分：语用与交际：语言在社会中的运作（超越句法） 本部分探讨语言在实际交流环境中如何产生意义，强调了语境对语法选择的影响。 第八章：情态表达与语气词的语用负载 本章是本书的亮点之一。系统梳理了汉语中主要的语气词（如“吗、呢、啊、吧、啦”）的功能光谱。通过语料库对比，展示了语气词在表达疑问、建议、催促、确认等不同社会功能时的具体位置和声调变化。同时，探讨了现代口语中“语气词的省略”与“新出现的情态副词”之间的替代关系。 第九章：语篇标记与衔接手段 本章关注句子之间的连接词和语篇推进工具，如“于是、总之、话说回来、你看”。分析了这些标记如何帮助听者/读者建立叙事的时间线、逻辑结构和说话者的态度。这部分内容对于理解长篇叙事和正式演讲的组织方式至关重要。 第十章：敬语、谦词与社会身份 本章从社会语言学角度分析了汉语中对人称代词（您/你）、特定称谓（老师/师傅）和特殊动词（贵姓/拜访）的选择，这些选择如何反映说话者与听话者之间的社会距离、权力关系和辈分差异。重点讨论了在网络交流中，传统敬语体系所面临的挑战和演变。 --- 第四部分：词汇的深度语义网络（意义的复杂性） 本部分回归词汇层面，但从语义场和概念组织的角度进行更精细的剖析。 第十一章：同义词与近义词辨析的动态性 本书不提供僵硬的同义词列表，而是通过分析“语境约束”来辨析词义的差异。例如，对比“满意”、“满足”和“欣慰”在表达程度、指向对象（内部感受或外部条件）上的细微区分，并提供精确的搭配实例。 第十二章：比喻、转喻与语境依赖性意义 深入探讨了汉语中常用的固定比喻结构（如“铁饭碗”、“画饼充饥”）的认知基础，以及它们在现代语境下的意义漂移。重点分析了转喻（Metonymy）的强大功能，例如用“笔杆子”指代写作能力或权力。 第十三章：多义词的语义结构与激活机制 以常用高频多义词（如“打”、“开”、“走”）为例，展示其核心义素如何辐射出多个引申义，以及特定句法结构如何决定了某一特定语义的激活。这部分内容揭示了汉语词汇的经济性和灵活性。 --- 第五部分：句法变异与语言的动态适应性（面向未来） 本部分关注汉语在现代传播媒介中展现出的新句法倾向。 第十四章：口语与书面语的差异模型 通过对比大量的访谈记录和新闻报道，量化分析了口语中普遍存在的成分省略、句首主题化、主语重复等现象，并探讨了这些口语特征向新兴媒体（如短视频脚本、即时通讯）渗透的程度。 第十五章：句法结构的省略与压缩艺术 重点分析了现代汉语中“言简意赅”的倾向如何通过省略次要成分来实现。例如，省略“是”或“有”形成的判断句和存在句的有效性分析，以及在诗歌、广告语中对句法结构进行最大化压缩的技巧。 第十六章：现代汉语的语序灵活性与焦点结构 探讨了汉语作为一种相对语序固定的语言，在何种语用需求下，会主动调整主谓宾的基本顺序以突出焦点信息（Focus）。这包括了“把”字句和“被”字句的语序选择，以及如何通过句末附加成分来后置焦点。 --- 第六部分：历史视角的映照：语法演进的轨迹（纵深理解） 最后一部分将现代汉语的结构置于历史长河中考察，以理解其“为什么是现在这样”。 第十七章：从文言到白话的结构断裂与连续 梳理了介词化倾向（如“于”、“自”向“在”、“从”的转变）以及助词体系的建立过程，尤其是“了”、“着”、“过”等体助词体系的最终定型。 第十八章：近现代汉语的语法规范化历程 分析了二十世纪初语言学界在确立“规范语法”过程中，对某些存疑现象（如某些双宾语句式）所做的取舍与裁决，以及这些规范对当代教育和出版界产生的深远影响。 第十九章：汉语语法与周边语言的相互影响 简要比较了汉语在近现代与印欧语系、阿尔泰语系在句法、语义上的互动，重点分析了翻译活动如何促成了某些句法结构（如复杂的从句嵌套）在现代汉语中的出现和流行，即便这些结构并非汉语自身演化的主导方向。 本书的附录部分提供了详尽的术语表、核心语法功能示意图，以及一套基于语料库的现代汉语语法分析实例演示，旨在提供一个既具学术深度，又高度贴合当代语言实际的分析工具。
作者简介
目录信息
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
1-3 SPELLING: FINAL -S vs. -ES.
1-4 NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS
1-5 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: SHORT
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Chapter2 PASTTIME
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
2-4 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS
2-6 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
2-7 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
2-9 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
2-10 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: IN, AT, AND ON
Chaptor3 FUTURETIME
3-1 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME: BE GOING 20 AND WILL
3-2 FORMSWTTHWILL..
3-3 USING PROBABLYWITHWILL
3-4 BE GOING 10 vs. WILL
3-5 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND
IP-CLAVSES
3-6 PARALLELVERBS
3-7 USINGTHEPRESENTPROGRESSIVETOEXPRESS
FUTURETIME
3-8 USINO. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME
3-9 PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVmES: USING INTEND
PLAH, HOPE
3-10 IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BEABOUT 10
Choptor4 NOUNSANDPRONOUNS
4-1 PLURALFORMSOFNOUNS
4-2 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
4-3 OBJECTSOFPREPOSmONS
4-4 USINGADJECTIVESTODBSCMBENOUNS
4-5 USINGNOUNSASADJECTIVES
4-6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
4-7 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
4-8 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
4-9 A FRIEND OF + POSSESSIVE
4-10 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
4-11 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHBR: ANOTHER vs. THE OTHER
4-12 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) vt.TSE OTHER(S)
4-13 SUMMARYOFFORMSOFOTHB
4-14 CAPnALIZATION
Chapfr5 MODAL AUXIUARIES
5-1 THE FORM-OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
5-3 EXPRESSINGPOSSlBILITY:MAYANDJWGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAYAND CAN
5-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY
5-5 ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAYI, COULD l, CAN l
5-6 ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU,
WILLYOU.CANYOU
5-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
5-8 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE T0, HAVS GOT TO, MUST
5-9 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOTHAVE TQ
EXPRESSING PRQHIBITION: MUSTNOT
5-10 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
5-11 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
5-12 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LETS AND WHYDON'T
5-13 STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE. . . BETTER,
WOULDRATHER
Chapter 6 ASKING QUESTIONS
6-1 YESTNO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS
6-2 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
6-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT
6-4 USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO
6-5 USINGWHATKINDOF
6-6 USING WHICH
6-7 USING WHOSE
6-8 USINGHOW
6-9 USING HOW OFTEN
6-10 USINGHOWFAR
6-11 EXPRESSING LENGTH OF TIME: IT + TAKE
6-12 USING HOWLONG
6-13 MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW
6-14 USINGHOWABOUTANDWHATABOUT
6-15 TAGQUESTIONS
Chapfor7 THEPRESENTPERFECTANDTHEPASTPERFECT
7-1 THEPASTPARTICIPLE
7-2 FORMS OF THB PRESENT PERFECT
7-3 MBANINGSOFTHEPRESENTPERFECT
7-4 USINGTHESIMPLEPASTvs.THEPRESENTPERFECT
7-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
7-6 THEPRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE
7-7 THE PRESENT PERFECT vs. THE PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
7-8 MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS
7-9 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE
7-10 USINGTHEPASTPERFECT
Chapto 8 COUNT / NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARNCLES
8-1 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
8-2 NONCOUNTNOUNS
8-3 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS
8-4 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
8-5 USINGUNITSOFMEASUREWITHNONCOUNTNOUNS
8-6 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
8-7 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS
8-8 NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS: SOME, ANY, AND ONE
Chaptor9 CONNECTING IDEAS
9-1 CONNECTINGIDEASWITHAND
9-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
9-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
9-4 USINGAUXILIARYVERBSAPTERBUTANDAND
9-5 USING AND + 700,50, EITHER, NEITHER
9-6 CONNECTINGIDEASWITHBECAUSE
9-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOVGHIALTHOVGH
9-8 PHRASALVERBS(SEPARABLE)
9-9 PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPRABLE)
Chaptor1O GERUNDS AND INFINmVES
10-1 GERUNDS AND INFINmVES: INTRODUCTION
10-2 VERB+GERUND
10-3 GO + ING
10-4 VERB + INFINmVE
10-5 VERB + GERUND OR INFINmVE
10-6 UNCOMPLETED INFINmVES
10-7 PREPOSmON + GERUND
10-8 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING
ISDONE
10-9 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS: USING IT + INFINITIVE
10-10 IT + INFINITIVE: USING POR (SOMEONE)
10-11 INFINTnVE OF PURPOSE: USING M ORDER TO
10-12 USINGINFINrnVESWITHTOOANDENOUGH
10-13 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE)
Chopter 11 PASSIVE SENTENCES
11-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
11-2 TENSE FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS
11-3 TRANSmVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
11-4 USING THE "BY-PHRASE"
11-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND
PASTPROGRESSIVE
11-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES
11-7 SUMMARY: PASSIVE VERB FORMS
11-8 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STXnVE PASSIVE)
11-9 PARTICIPIAL ADJECITVES: -SD vs. -ING
11-10 GBT + ADJECTIVE; GST + PAST KARTICIPLE
11-11 USING BE VSEDIACCUSTOMED To AND GET VSEDI
ACCUSTOMEDTO
11-12 USWG BE SUPPOSED TO
Chapter12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-3 USING WHO, WHOM, AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-6 USING PREPOSmONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-7 USINGWHOSEINADJECTIVECLAUSES
12-8 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE)
12-9 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE)
Chapterl13 COMPARISONS
13-1 MAKINGCOMPARISONSWITHAS AS
13-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
13-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
13-4 USING COMPARATIVES
13-5 USINGMOREWITHNOUNS
13-6 REPEATING A COMPARATIVE
13-7 USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
13-8 USING SUPERLATIVES
13-9 USING THE SAME, SIMILAR, DIFFERENT, LIKE, ALIKE
Chopfor14 NOUNCLAUSES
14-1 NOUN CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
14-2 NOUNCLAUSESTHATBEGINWITHAQUESTIONWORD
14-3 NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO, WHAT, WHOSE + BE
14-4 NOUNCLAUSESWHICHBEGINWITHlFORWHeTHER
14-5 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT
14-6 SUBSTITUTINGSOFORA"THAT-CLAUSE"TH
CONVERSAnONAL RESPONSES
14-7 OTHERUSESOF"THAT-CLAUSESES"
Chapter15 QUOTED SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH
15-1 QUOTEDSPEECH
15-2 QUOTED SPEECH vs. REPORTED SPEECH
15-3 VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH: FORMAL
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
15-4 USINGSAyvs. TELL
15-5 USINGASKIF
15-6 USING VERB + INFINITIVE TO REPORT SPEECH
15-7 SOME TROUBLESOME VERBS: ADVISE, SUGGEST, AND
RECOMMEND
Chapter 16 USING WISH. USING IF
16-1 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT/FUTURE
16-2 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PAST
16-3 USING IF: CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE
16-4 USING IF: TRUE vs. CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE
PRESENT/FUTURE
16-5 USING IF: CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PAST
16-6 SUMMARY: VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES WITH IF
(CONDITIONALSENTENCES)
Appendlx 1
Appendix 2
Appendlx 3
Appendix 4
Appendlx 5
INDEX
PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
PHRASAL VERBS
GUIDE FOR CORRECTING WRITING ERRORS
BASIC VOCABULARY UST
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGUSH AND
BRITISH ENGUSH
· · · · · · (收起)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME
1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
1-3 SPELLING: FINAL -S vs. -ES.
1-4 NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS
1-5 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: SHORT
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Chapter2 PASTTIME
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
2-4 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST
2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS
2-6 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
2-7 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
2-9 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
2-10 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: IN, AT, AND ON
Chaptor3 FUTURETIME
3-1 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME: BE GOING 20 AND WILL
3-2 FORMSWTTHWILL..
3-3 USING PROBABLYWITHWILL
3-4 BE GOING 10 vs. WILL
3-5 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND
IP-CLAVSES
3-6 PARALLELVERBS
3-7 USINGTHEPRESENTPROGRESSIVETOEXPRESS
FUTURETIME
3-8 USINO. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME
3-9 PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVmES: USING INTEND
PLAH, HOPE
3-10 IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BEABOUT 10
Choptor4 NOUNSANDPRONOUNS
4-1 PLURALFORMSOFNOUNS
4-2 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
4-3 OBJECTSOFPREPOSmONS
4-4 USINGADJECTIVESTODBSCMBENOUNS
4-5 USINGNOUNSASADJECTIVES
4-6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
4-7 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
4-8 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
4-9 A FRIEND OF + POSSESSIVE
4-10 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
4-11 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHBR: ANOTHER vs. THE OTHER
4-12 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) vt.TSE OTHER(S)
4-13 SUMMARYOFFORMSOFOTHB
4-14 CAPnALIZATION
Chapfr5 MODAL AUXIUARIES
5-1 THE FORM-OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
5-3 EXPRESSINGPOSSlBILITY:MAYANDJWGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAYAND CAN
5-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY
5-5 ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAYI, COULD l, CAN l
5-6 ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU,
WILLYOU.CANYOU
5-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
5-8 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE T0, HAVS GOT TO, MUST
5-9 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOTHAVE TQ
EXPRESSING PRQHIBITION: MUSTNOT
5-10 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
5-11 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
5-12 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LETS AND WHYDON'T
5-13 STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE. . . BETTER,
WOULDRATHER
Chapter 6 ASKING QUESTIONS
6-1 YESTNO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS
6-2 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
6-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT
6-4 USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO
6-5 USINGWHATKINDOF
6-6 USING WHICH
6-7 USING WHOSE
6-8 USINGHOW
6-9 USING HOW OFTEN
6-10 USINGHOWFAR
6-11 EXPRESSING LENGTH OF TIME: IT + TAKE
6-12 USING HOWLONG
6-13 MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW
6-14 USINGHOWABOUTANDWHATABOUT
6-15 TAGQUESTIONS
Chapfor7 THEPRESENTPERFECTANDTHEPASTPERFECT
7-1 THEPASTPARTICIPLE
7-2 FORMS OF THB PRESENT PERFECT
7-3 MBANINGSOFTHEPRESENTPERFECT
7-4 USINGTHESIMPLEPASTvs.THEPRESENTPERFECT
7-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
7-6 THEPRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE
7-7 THE PRESENT PERFECT vs. THE PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
7-8 MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS
7-9 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE
7-10 USINGTHEPASTPERFECT
Chapto 8 COUNT / NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARNCLES
8-1 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
8-2 NONCOUNTNOUNS
8-3 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS
8-4 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT
8-5 USINGUNITSOFMEASUREWITHNONCOUNTNOUNS
8-6 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE
8-7 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS
8-8 NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS: SOME, ANY, AND ONE
Chaptor9 CONNECTING IDEAS
9-1 CONNECTINGIDEASWITHAND
9-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
9-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
9-4 USINGAUXILIARYVERBSAPTERBUTANDAND
9-5 USING AND + 700,50, EITHER, NEITHER
9-6 CONNECTINGIDEASWITHBECAUSE
9-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOVGHIALTHOVGH
9-8 PHRASALVERBS(SEPARABLE)
9-9 PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPRABLE)
Chaptor1O GERUNDS AND INFINmVES
10-1 GERUNDS AND INFINmVES: INTRODUCTION
10-2 VERB+GERUND
10-3 GO + ING
10-4 VERB + INFINmVE
10-5 VERB + GERUND OR INFINmVE
10-6 UNCOMPLETED INFINmVES
10-7 PREPOSmON + GERUND
10-8 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING
ISDONE
10-9 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS: USING IT + INFINITIVE
10-10 IT + INFINITIVE: USING POR (SOMEONE)
10-11 INFINTnVE OF PURPOSE: USING M ORDER TO
10-12 USINGINFINrnVESWITHTOOANDENOUGH
10-13 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE)
Chopter 11 PASSIVE SENTENCES
11-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
11-2 TENSE FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS
11-3 TRANSmVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
11-4 USING THE "BY-PHRASE"
11-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND
PASTPROGRESSIVE
11-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES
11-7 SUMMARY: PASSIVE VERB FORMS
11-8 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STXnVE PASSIVE)
11-9 PARTICIPIAL ADJECITVES: -SD vs. -ING
11-10 GBT + ADJECTIVE; GST + PAST KARTICIPLE
11-11 USING BE VSEDIACCUSTOMED To AND GET VSEDI
ACCUSTOMEDTO
11-12 USWG BE SUPPOSED TO
Chapter12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-3 USING WHO, WHOM, AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-6 USING PREPOSmONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
12-7 USINGWHOSEINADJECTIVECLAUSES
12-8 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE)
12-9 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE)
Chapterl13 COMPARISONS
13-1 MAKINGCOMPARISONSWITHAS AS
13-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
13-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
13-4 USING COMPARATIVES
13-5 USINGMOREWITHNOUNS
13-6 REPEATING A COMPARATIVE
13-7 USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
13-8 USING SUPERLATIVES
13-9 USING THE SAME, SIMILAR, DIFFERENT, LIKE, ALIKE
Chopfor14 NOUNCLAUSES
14-1 NOUN CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
14-2 NOUNCLAUSESTHATBEGINWITHAQUESTIONWORD
14-3 NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO, WHAT, WHOSE + BE
14-4 NOUNCLAUSESWHICHBEGINWITHlFORWHeTHER
14-5 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT
14-6 SUBSTITUTINGSOFORA"THAT-CLAUSE"TH
CONVERSAnONAL RESPONSES
14-7 OTHERUSESOF"THAT-CLAUSESES"
Chapter15 QUOTED SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH
15-1 QUOTEDSPEECH
15-2 QUOTED SPEECH vs. REPORTED SPEECH
15-3 VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH: FORMAL
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
15-4 USINGSAyvs. TELL
15-5 USINGASKIF
15-6 USING VERB + INFINITIVE TO REPORT SPEECH
15-7 SOME TROUBLESOME VERBS: ADVISE, SUGGEST, AND
RECOMMEND
Chapter 16 USING WISH. USING IF
16-1 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT/FUTURE
16-2 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PAST
16-3 USING IF: CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE
16-4 USING IF: TRUE vs. CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE
PRESENT/FUTURE
16-5 USING IF: CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PAST
16-6 SUMMARY: VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES WITH IF
(CONDITIONALSENTENCES)
Appendlx 1
Appendix 2
Appendlx 3
Appendix 4
Appendlx 5
INDEX
PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
PHRASAL VERBS
GUIDE FOR CORRECTING WRITING ERRORS
BASIC VOCABULARY UST
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGUSH AND
BRITISH ENGUSH
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
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用户评价
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说实话，当我打开这本书时，我其实是抱着一种“应付了事”的心态的，毕竟市面上语法书多如牛毛，大同小异。但这本书很快就改变了我的看法，它在“难度控制”和“知识广度”之间找到了一个非常微妙的平衡点。它确实是“基础”语法，但它没有将基础等同于肤浅。它会非常耐心地解释一些看似简单实则容易被忽略的细节，比如冠词的省略规则在不同语境下的微妙差异，或者连词和副词之间的功能互换性。这种对细节的打磨，让我的阅读体验非常充实。很多时候，我只是想查阅一个特定的点，结果却被相邻的讲解吸引了注意力，然后就停不下来，一读就是好几个小时。这本书的叙述风格非常沉稳，没有那种过于夸张的口号式宣传，而是用一种平和而坚定的口吻告诉你：“是的，这就是规则，现在我们一起来理解它。”这种专业的态度，让人心服口服，也让学习过程变得更加专注和高效。它真正做到了对“基础”的深度挖掘，而不是浅尝辄止。
评分这本书的排版和细节处理真的体现了出版方的用心良苦。我通常对语法书的阅读体验要求不高，只要内容准确就行，但这本书的细节让我感到惊喜。拿到的这本，纸张的质感非常舒服，那种微微偏黄的纸张在长时间阅读时对手部的友好度很高，不会像一些劣质印刷品那样刺眼。更值得称赞的是，它对那些容易混淆的语法点，比如完成时态和过去时的区分，居然设计了一套专门的“辨析模块”。这个模块不是简单地并列对比，而是通过设置一系列需要读者自己填空的微型测试，引导我们主动去思考和分辨。我发现自己以前总是在这两个时态上犯迷糊，但通过这种互动式的学习，那种模糊感迅速消退了。而且，书里引用的例句都非常地道和现代，不像有些老旧的教材，里面的句子读起来像“上个世纪的传真”，完全不贴近现在的英语使用习惯。对于我这种需要将语法知识应用于实际写作和口语交流的人来说，这种与时俱进的例证太重要了。它让我确信，我学到的不是“死语法”，而是“活语言”。
评分对于我这样的非母语学习者来说，理解语法规则的“为什么”比单纯记住“是什么”要重要得多。这本书在这方面做得极其出色。它不仅仅是罗列了动词的时态规则，而是花了大量篇幅去解释这些时态背后的“时间观”和“说话者的意图”。比如，在讲解如何将复杂长句拆解时，它没有直接给出拆分技巧，而是引导读者去识别句子的核心动作和逻辑层次，这本质上是一种对英语思维模式的培养。更让我感到惊喜的是，这本书在涉及一些现代英语中越来越常见的结构时，比如虚拟语气在商务邮件中的应用，也做了适当的补充说明，这显示出编者对语言发展保持着敏锐的洞察力。读完后，我感觉自己对英语的“骨架”有了更清晰的认识，不再仅仅停留在零散的词汇和短语层面。这本书就像是一份精密的蓝图，帮助我看到了整个语言系统的宏伟结构，而不是只盯着砖块看。这是一个真正意义上的“构建式”学习工具，而非仅仅是“参考手册”。
评分我特别想夸赞一下这本书在结构逻辑上的严谨性。我以前买过一本号称“全面”的语法书，结果拿到手发现它的章节跳跃性很大，一会儿讲名词变位，一会儿又跳到从句，让人感觉像是在走迷宫。但《基础英语语法 第2版》的编排简直是一气呵成。它从最基础的主谓宾结构开始，像搭积木一样，一步步引入修饰语、状语，然后才是复杂的从句结构。这种循序渐进的方式，极大地降低了学习曲线的陡峭程度。我尤其喜欢它在每个单元末尾设置的“语法回顾与自测”部分。这个部分不是简单地重复前文知识点，而是用一种更高维度的视角将本单元学到的内容串联起来，形成一个完整的知识网络。这对于我们理科生来说尤其重要，因为我们习惯于看到事物之间的逻辑联系。这本书没有给我那种“知识点堆砌”的感觉，而是提供了一个清晰的、可供追踪的学习路径。读完一个大章节，我能清晰地在脑海中勾勒出一个知识地图，知道自己现在在哪，以及下一步该去往何处，这极大地增强了我的学习自信心和掌控感。
评分哇，这本书真是让我这个英语学习者眼前一亮！我最近入手了一本语法书，希望能系统地梳理一下我脑子里那些零零散散的语法点。这本书的装帧设计很朴实，拿在手里沉甸甸的，一看就是内容充实的类型。我最欣赏的是它对复杂概念的拆解能力。比如讲到虚拟语气的时候，很多教材都会堆砌一堆公式和死板的例句，让人看了云里高山。但这本书不一样，它好像真的站在初学者的角度去思考，用非常生活化的场景来解释为什么需要这种语气，以及它在实际交流中是如何运作的。我记得有一章专门讲了介词的用法，那种细微的差别，比如"in"和"on"在表示时间或位置上的微妙差异，作者居然能用插画和对比的方式讲得清清楚楚，而不是简单地罗列一堆规则。读起来完全没有那种枯燥乏味的感觉，更像是在听一位经验丰富的老师循循善诱。我发现自己以前一些靠“语感”蒙混过关的地方，现在终于有了坚实的理论支撑，感觉整个人对英语的理解都上了一个台阶。对于想要打下扎实基础的人来说，这本绝对值得推荐，它提供的不仅仅是知识，更是一种清晰的思维框架。
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